fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
(""Kof;fk;""
fpoik Vl;by; ntspahfpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; njhlH 1-10)
xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;!
fpA+gh Nehf;fp
(1)
(ef;fPud;)
xt;nthU KiwAk; tpkhdj;jpy; Vwp cl;fhHe;jTld; gpy epidTfs; vd; kdj;jpiuapy; XLk;. xd;W ,e;j ,uhl;rj tpkhdk; vg;gb Ie;EhW gazpfisAk; Rke;J nfhz;L tpz;zpy; fpsk;gpg; gwf;fg; NghfpwJ?
iul; rNfhjuHfs; ,e;j tpkhdj;ijf; fz;L gpbj;J ,d;Dk;; EhW Mz;Lfs; Mftpy;iy. mjw;fpilapy; tpkhdj; jahupg;gpy;jhd; vt;tsT Kd;Ndw;wk;? xypia tpQ;rpd Ntfj;jpy; my;yth ,d;W tpkhdq;fs; fz;lk; tpl;Lf; fz;lk; gwf;fpd;wd?
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1903k; Mz;L khHfop khjk; MHtpy; iul;>tpy;gH iul; vd;w rNfhjuHfs; Kjd; Kjyhf152,whj;jy; vilAk;> 12 Fjpiu rf;jpAk; tha;e;;j xU ngl;Nuhy; vd;[pidj; jahupj;jhHfs;. gpd; tpkhdj;ij tbtikj;jhHfs;. tpkhdj;Jf;F ,uz;L ,wf;iffisg;nghUj;jpdhHfs;. mtw;wpd; ePsk; 40 mb. tpkhdj;jpd; Kd;gFjpapy; caHj;jpr; Rf;fhd;(Elevator rudder) mikj;jhHfs;. thy;gFjpapy; efuf;$ba ,U fhw;whbfs; mike;j Rf;fhd; xd;Wk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,U ,wf;iffs; xd;wd; Nky; xd;whf MW mb ,ilntspapy; itf;fg;gl;lJ. fPo; ,wf;ifapd; ikaj;jpw;Fr; rd;W tyg;gf;fj;jpy; vQ;rpd; nghUj;jg;gl;lJ. |
fhiyg;nghOJ
tpkhdj;ijr; ruprk epiyapy; itj;jpUg;gjw;fhf> ikaj;jpd; ,lg;gf;fj;jpy; tpkhdp Fg;Gwg; gLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. fg;gypd; jpUFfisg; Nghd;W tpkhdj;ij Kd;Ndhf;fpj; js;Sfpd;w tiuapy; ,U nrYj;jpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
iul; rNfhjuHfs; ,g;NghJjhd; tpkhdj;jpy; gwf;f Kaw;rp nra;jhHfs; vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ. ,jw;F Kd;dH rWf;F tpkhdq;fis (gliders) tl fNwhypdh khepyj;jpYs;s fpl;b`hf; flw;fiuapy; rWf;ftpl;L Nrhjid nra;jpUe;jhHfs;. ,g;NghJk; mNj ,lj;ij ,e;j Gjpa tpkhdj;ij gwf;ftpLk; Nrhjidf;Fk; NjHe;njLj;jhHfs;. ,tHfspd; Kjy; Kaw;rp Njhy;tp mile;jJ. tpkhdk; rpwpJ Nrjkile;jJ.Mdhy; iul; rNfhjuHfs; risf;ftpy;iy. Njhy;tpjhNd ntw;wpapd; Kjw; gbf; fw;fs;?
Nrjk; mile;j tpkhdk; gOJ ghHf;fg;gl;lJ. 1903 khHfop khjk; 17k; ehs;. fhiy Neuk;. kzpf;F 24 Kjy; 27 iky; Ntfj;jpy; FspH fhw;W tPrpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; kdpjd; tpkhdj;jpy; gwf;Fk; fhl;rpiaf; fz;L fspf;f Ie;J NgHjhd; - ehd;F Ml;fs;> xU rpWtd; - mq;F $bapUe;jhHfs;!
kdpj tuyhw;wpy; xU iky; fy;yhff;
fUjg;gl;l md;iwa fhiyapy; MHtpy; iul; jd;Dila tpkhdj;jpy; VwpdhH. mjpy;
Fg;Gwg;gLj;Jf; nfhz;L tpkhdj;ijr;
nrYj;Jk; rhjdj;ijf; ifapy; gpbj;jhH. ,ae;jpuk; ,af;fp tplg;gl;L #lhtjw;F rpy epkpl Neuk; Xltplg;gl;lJ.
gpd;dH fpsk;Gtjw;Fupa jz;lthsj;Jld; tpkhdj;ij ,izj;jpUe;j fk;gpia MHtpy; mtpo;j;J tpl;lhH.
tpkhdk; Kd;Ndhf;fpg; gha;e;J fhw;wpy; gwf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ! tpkhdj;ijj; jz;lthsj;jpd; kPNj rpwpJ XLk;gb nra;tjw;fhf tpy;gH iul; tpkhdj;jpd; ,wf;ifiag; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L rpy tpehbfs; mjDld; XbdhH. jz;lthsj;jpd; kPJ 40 mb Jhuk; rWf;fpr; nrd;w gpwF> tpkhdk; caNu fpsk;gpaJ. Mdhy; mJ xNu epiyapy; gwf;ftpy;iy. xU rkak; fhw;W me;j tpkhdj;ij NkNy caHj;jpaJ. kw;nwhU rkak; fhw;W fPo;Nehf;fp mjid mOj;jpaJ. Mfhaj;jpy; fpsk;gpa ,lj;jpypUe;J 120 mb Jhuk; 12 tpdhb fhw;wpy; gwe;J tpl;L tpkhdk; gj;jpukhfj; jiuapwq;fpaJ!
,e;j tpkhdk; gwg;gijg; ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j me;j ItUk; tuyhw;wpy; vj;Jiz Gul;rpfukhd epfo;r;rpiag; ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk; vd;gij czHe;J nfhs;stpy;iy!
Mdhy; ,e;jr; rhjidiaAk; ahUk; fz;Lnfhs;stpy;iy. cs;@H nra;jpj;jhs; xd;W kl;Lk; xU rpd;dr; nra;jpia ntspapl;lJ. xU khjj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dH ""epA+NahHf; nfuhy;l;"" (New York Herald) vd;w nra;jpj;jhs; ""gwf;Fk; ,ae;jpuk;"" (Flying Machine) vd;w jiyg;gpy; xU nra;jpia ntspapl;lJ. mJTk; jg;Gk; jtWjYkhf me;jr; nra;jp ,Ue;jJ.
Kaw;rp cilahH ,fo;rpailahH vd;W jkpo;kfs; mt;it nrhd;djw;F Vw;g iul; rNfhjuHfs; NkYk; NkYk; Nrhjid nra;jhHfs;. vLj;j fUkj;jpy; fz;zhf ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,Wjpaahf elhj;jpa Nrhjidapy; tpy;gH iul; tpkhdj;jpy; gwe;jhH. mg;NghJ me;j tpkhdk; kzpf;F 30 iky; Ntfj;jpy; 59 tpdhbfspy; 852 mb Jhuk;tiu gwe;jJ.
Ie;J Mz;Lfs; fopj;J th\pq;ld; efupd; mUfpYs;s NghHl;ikaH vd;w ,lj;jpy; kw;nwhU tpkhdj;ij iul; rNfhjuHfs; gwf;ftpl;Lf; fhl;bdhHfs;. mijf; fz;l nra;jpahsHfs;> nghJkf;fs; kfpo;r;rp kpFjpahy; Mde;jf; fz;zPH nrhupe;jhHfs;.
iul; rNfhjuHfsJ Kaw;rpf;F Kd;dNu Mfhaj;jpy; gwf;Fk;vj;jdj;jpy; %d;W Ehw;whz;L fhykhfg; gyH Kaw;rp nra;J te;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.
Gfo;ngw;w Xtpauhd ypNahdhHNlh lh tpd;rp (Leonardo da Vinci) gwf;Fk; nghwpapd; khjpup tiuglk; xd;iw tiue;jpUe;jhH. ""gwitfs; Vd; gwf;fpd;wd? vg;gbg; gwf;fpd;wd?"" vd;w Nfs;tpfSf;F mtH tpilfhz Kad;W gw;gy tiuglq;fis> ,wf;ifnfhz;l ,ae;jpuq;fspd; cUtq;fis cUthf;fpdhH.
gwitfs; Nghy; ,wf;if fl;bg; gwf;f Kide;J Njhy;tp fz;ltHfs; gyH. capH tpl;ltHrpyH. gYhdpy; gwe;J capHtpl;ltHfSk; ,Ue;jhHfs;.
iul; rNfhjuHfspd; Kd;Ndhbfs;gw;wp vOjpdhy; mJNt jdpf; fl;Liuahfp tpLk;. kdpjtuyhw;wpy; Mfha tpkhdk; xU mupa rhjid. GJik.
mjw;F mLj;jjhf kdpjid epyhtpy; ,wf;fp mwptpay; rhjid gilj;jijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.""gpj;jhg;gpiw #b ngUkhNd mUshsh"" vd;W gf;jpNahL ehk; Njthuk; ghbf; nfhz;bUf;f mnkupf;f mwptpayhsHfs; me;j kjpapNyNa kdpjidf; nfhz;LNgha; ,wf;fp kPz;Lk; mtidg; G+kpapy; nfhz;L te;jhHfs;. 1969k; Mz;L A+iy 5k; ehs; elhj;jg;gl;l mg;NghNyh 11 tpz;ntspg; gaze;jhd; me;jr; rhjidia nra;jJ.
me;jg; gazj;ijAk;> epyhtpy; mk;];Nuhq; Kjy; mb vLj;J itj;j fhl;rpiaAk; njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; tpba tpbaf; fhl;bdhHfs;. nfhOk;gpy; my;y. ,yz;ldpy;. me;j ,uT vd;idg;nghWj;j kl;by; rptuhj;jpup! (tsUk;)
fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;!
"",uhtzdplk;
,y;yhj G\;gf tpkhdkh?""
(2)
(ef;fPud;)
,uz;L thuq;fSf;F Kd;dH epyTf;F mDg;gp itj;j mg;NghNyh 11 fl;lis miwapy; mkHe;J mNj tpz;ntspf; fhl;rpiag; ghHf;Fk; tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ. mnkupf;fhtpYs;s GNshuplh khepyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;s nfd;db tpz;ntsp ikaj;jpy; me;j mg;NghNyh 11 fl;lis miwia mg;gbNa fhl;rpf;F itj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. ,e;j nfd;db ikaj;ijg;gw;wp gpd;dH tpupthf vOj ,Uf;fpNwd;.
"",e;j tpkhdk; vd;d ngupa mjprak;? vq;fsJ ,uhtzdplKk; G\;gf tpkhdk; ,Ue;jJjhNd! mjpy;jhNd ,uhtzd; xt;nthUehSk; ifyak;fpup nrd;W rptidj; juprdk; nra;J tpl;L te;jhd;! ,uhtzd; rPijia Jhf;fp ,e;j G\;gf tpkhdj;jpy; itj;Jj;jhNd flj;jp te;jhd;! fk;gH mij vg;gb tpgupj;jpUf;fpwhH njupAkh? nfhQ;r Jhuk; G\;gf tpkhdk; Xba rf;fuq;fspd; milahsk; epyj;jpy; ,uhkDf;F njupAk;gb ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; nfhQ;r Jhuj;Jf;F mg;ghy; rf;fuj;jpd; milahsk; ,Uf;fNt ,y;iy. ,J G\;gf tpkhdk; nfhQ;r Jhuk; XL ghijapy; Xb gpd; NkNy fpsk;gpaijf; fhl;LfpwJ"" vd;W fk;gjhrHfSk;> fk;gthupfSk; vj;jid Nkilfspy; ,g;gTk; Kof;fp tUfpwhHfs;?
,uhtzd; fhyj;jpy; G\;gftpkhdk; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; mJ kuf;fl;ilapy; nra;jjhfj;jhd; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vndd;why; cNyhfq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fhj fhyk; mJ. tpkhdk; G+kpapd; <Hg;Gr; rf;jpia kPwp tpz;zpy; gwf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;why; tpkhd ,af;ftpay; (Aero- Dynamics) vd;W nrhy;fpNwhNk me;j mwptpay; njupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;!
tpkhdk; gwf;Fk; NghJ ehd;F tpirfs; mjd;kPJ nray;gLfpd;wd. KjyhtJ NkNyw;W tpir (Lift), tPRk; fhw;wpd; Nky; Nehf;fpa tpirahdJ> tpkhdj;jpDila ,wf;ifapd; mbg;gFjpapy; jhf;fp tpkhdj;ij NkNy fpsg;GfpwJ. ,uz;lhtJ ,Oit tpir ( Drag) my;yJ gpd;Nehf;fpa ,Og;G. ,J fhw;wpd; jilapdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ. %d;whtJ vil (Weight) ,J tpkhdj;ij fPo;Nehf;fp ,Of;Fk; Gtp<Hg;gpdhy; (gravity) cz;lhfpwJ. ehd;fhtJ js;Stpir (Thrust). ,J tpkhdj;ij Kd;Ndhf;fp ,Of;fpwJ. Kd;nrYj;jp (Propeller) my;yJ jhiu (Jet) ,jidr; nra;fpwJ.
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,e;j mwptpay; njupahtpl;lhy; thdj;jpy; gwf;Fk; tpkhdj;ij cUthf;f KbahJ.
"",y;iy. ,y;iy. ,itnay;yhk;
me;jf; fhyj;jpy ; ,Ue;jJ. gpd;dhy;
vy;yhk; mope;J Nghapd"" vd;W nrhy;YfpwtHfs; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;! mope;J
Nghfhky; vQ;rp ,Ue;jtw;iw nts;isf;fhud;
fsthbf; nfhz;LNgha; mtw;iwg; gbj;J ,d;iwa mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fis vy;yhk;
fz;Lgpbj;jhd; vd;W nfhQ;rk;$l ntl;fk; ,y;yhky; nrhy;ypf; nfhs;gtHfs;
,d;Dk; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. ,tHfs; gpwuJ #l;by; FspH fha;gtHfs;. |
fpA+gh-thdj;jpy;
,Ue;J
rup. ,tw;iwnay;yhk; xU jiltpilf;F cz;ik vd;Nw xj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. "",uhtzd; fhyj;jpYk; mwptpay; nfhbfl;bg;
gwe;jJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; gpusak;> flw;Nfhs; fhuzkhf
mitnay;yhk; mope;J Nghapd"" vd;w thjj;ij xj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;.
mg;gbnad;why;me;jf; fhyj;jpy; njhiyNgrp> thndhyp> njhiyf; fhl;rpAk;
,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vndd;why; mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
njhlHGilait. xd;iwf; fz;Lgpbj;jjpdhy;jhd; Ntnwhd;iwf; fz;L gpbj;jhHfs;. kpd;rhuj;ij Kjypy; fz;L gpbj;jjpdhy;jhd;
njhiyf;fhl;rp. jpiug;glk;> thndhyp
rhj;jpakhapw;W.
jz;lfhuz;a tdj;jpNy rPijiaf; fhztpy;iy vd;wTld; ,uhkd; vd;d nra;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;? mJTk; G\;gf tpkhdj;jpy; ,uhtzd; flj;jpg; Ngha;tpl;lhd; vd;W
mDkhdpj;jTld; vd;d nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;? nry; njhiyNgrpapy; ,uhtzdidNah
mtdJmikr;riuNah $g;gpl;L rPij vq;Nf ,Uf;fpwhs;? mts; ct;tplk; (,yq;if) ,Uf;fpwhsh vd;W $g;gpl;Lf; fijj;jpUf;fyhk;
my;yth?
Mdhy; mg;gb xd;Wk; ele;jjhf thy;kPfpNah fk;gNdh
,uhkhazj;jpy; ghltpy;iy. khwhf fd;dj;jpy; ifitj;J kidtpia ,oe;j Nrhfj;jpy;
xg;ghup itf;Fk; ,uhkidj;jhd; ghb ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. ,uhkd; fliyf; flf;f thduq;fspd; cjtpNahL xU ghyk; mikj;J ,yq;if
nrd;whd; vd;W fk;guhkhazk; nrhy;fpwJ.
,d;Dk; rpyH xU gb NkNy Ngha; me;jf; fhyj;jpy; G\;gf tpkhdk;Nghy; thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp vy;yhk; ,Ue;jJ vd;W nrhy;;fpwhHfs;. ,g;gbr; nrhy;gtHfs; vq;fs; CHg; ghl;bkhH vd ePq;fs; KbT fl;lf;$Lk;. ,y;iy gbj;jtHfs;> mwptpay; gl;ljhupfs; nrhy;fpwhHfs;. ghujg; Nghupy; FUNrj;jpu G+kpapy; elg;gtw;iw fz;njupahj jpUjuhl;bdDf;F rQ;rad; jdJ Qhdf; fz;zhy; ghHj;J nrhd;dhd;. mjhtJ ,d;iwa fpwpf;fl; ge;jhl;lj;jpy; njhlH tHzid nfhLg;ghHfNs (running commentary) mg;gbf; nfhLj;jhdhk;!
kdpjd; nfhQ;rk; ehfupfk; mile;j gpd;dH kl;Lk; my;y mjw;F Kd;dUk; tpz;zpy; gwf;f
Kaw;rp nra;J nra;J nfhz;Nl te;jpUf;fpwhd;. Fiwe;j gl;rk; fijfspYk;>
,jpfhrq;fspYk; fw;gid tpkhdq;fis gwf;f
tpl;L jdJ kd Miriag; G+Hj;jp nra;J
nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhd;. thy;kPfp ,uhkhazj;jpy; tUk; G\;gf tpkhdk; mg;gbahd eakhd
fw;gidNa jtpu Ntnwhd;Wk; ,y;iy. <rhg;Gf; fijfspy; tUk; gwf;Fk;
fk;gsq;fs;> rKf;fhsq;fs;> NjHfis ,Oj;Jr; nry;Yk; gwf;Fk; Fjpiufs; (#upad; VO Fjpiufs; G+l;ba Njupy;
fhiyapy; fpof;fpy; vOe;J khiyapy; Nkw;fpy; kiwfpwhd; vd;W Guhzq;fs; GSfpd)>
Ntjhsq;fs;> kha Nkfq;fs; ,e;j G\;gf
tpkhdj;ij xj;j fw;gidjhd;. Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;whd rpyg;gjpfhuk; fz;zfp
NfhefH gpioj;j jd; fztdhd NfhtyNdhL NjtHfs; kyHkhup nga;a thdT+Hjpapy; Vwp
thDyfk; nrd;whs; vd ,ak;GfpwJ. ,JTk; ,sq;Nfh mbfspd; fw;gidNa!
muhgpa ,uTf; fijfspy; tUk; rpe;Jghj; vd;Dk; khYkp
ahidiaf;$lj; Jhf;ff; $ba ,uhl;rjg; gwitnahd;wpy; Vwp thd; ntspapy; gazk;
nra;jjhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ghgpNyhdpa murp xU fOfpd; KJfpy; Vwpg;gwe;jjhf
fij ,Uf;fpwJ. mjpf Jhuk; NghtNdd;. rhj;jdhupd; kzpNkfiyapy;> kzpNkfiy kzpgy;ytk; vd;Dk; jPtpw;F
Mfhatopahfg; gwe;J Nghdhs; vd vOjg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
tpkhdj;jpy; gwf;f epidj;j kdpjd; Kjypy; jdJ clk;gpy;
rpwf;if fl;b gwf;f Kaw;rpj;jhd;. gwitf;F ,wf;if ,Ug;gjdhy;jhNd mjdhy; gwf;f KbfpwJ? ,g;gb Kaw;rpnra;J vj;jidNah NgHfs; capiu
tpl;bUf;fpwhHfs;!
"" kdpjd; gwf;f Ntz;Lnkd flTs; epidj;jpUe;jhy;
mtDf;F ,wf;iffisf; nfhLj;jpUg;ghd; my;yth?"" vd;W gf;jpkhd;fs;
Nfl;lhHfs;!"" (tsUk;)
fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;!
gwitiaf; fz;lhd; tpkhdk;
gilj;jhd;!
(3)
(ef;fPud;)
Mjpfhy KjNy gwitfs; gwg;gij kdpjd; ftdpj;J te;jpUf;fpwhd;.
gwitfs; Nghy; jhDk; gwf;f Kad;whd;.
,Ue;Jk; Ie;J ,yl;rj;Jf;Fk; mjpfkhd ntt;NtW gwitfs; vg;gbg; gwf;fpwnjd;w cz;ik
mtDf;Fg; GjpuhfNt ,Ue;jJ.
ftpQH fz;zjhrd; kdpjd; ""gwitiaf; fz;lhd; tpkhdk; gilj;jhd;"" vd;W
ghbapUf;fpwhH. cz;ikapy; mwptpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ,e;jf; $w;W rupahdjy;y.
ehq;fs; rpWtajpy; flw;fiuapy;> tay;ntspapy; gl;lk; tpl;Nlhk; my;yth? me;j
gl;lk; fhw;wpy; gwf;Fk; #l;Rkj;ij itj;Jj;jhd; kdpjd; tpkhdj;ij ntw;wpfukhff;
fz;L gpbj;jhd;.
me;jf; fhyj;jpy; xUtd; jhd; trpf;Fk; Cupy; ,Ue;J ,UgJ iky;
njhiytpw;Fg; gazk; NghtJ mUik. ngz;
vLg;gnjd;whYk; cs;@upNyNa vLj;jhHfs;. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; mLj;j CH vd;why; xU ey;yJ nfl;ljw;F vspjhfg; Ngha;tu KbahjJ
vd;gJjhd;. gj;J iky; Jhuj;ij khl;L tz;bapy; flf;f Fiwe;jJ 3
kzpj;jpahyq;fshtJNtz;Lk;.
,d;W epyik jiyfPohf khwptpl;lJ. fhyk;> ,lk; ,uz;Lk;
RUq;fp tpl;lJ. Kjypy; kfpOe;J> Ng&e;J> njhlH
tz;bfs; kdpjHfis CHtpl;L Cuy;y
efuk;tpl;L efuk; gazk; nra;a cjtpaJ. fg;gy;fs; ehL tpl;L ehL gazk; nra;a cjtpd.
tpkhdq;fs; ,d;Dk; gy gb NkNyNgha; kdpjHfs; fz;lk; tpl;L fz;lk; Nghf cjtpad. xyp Ntfj;jpYk; tpiuthfg; gwf;Fk; nfhd;Nfhl; gazpfs; tpkhdq;fs; cyfj;ijNa xU Cuhf;fptpl;lJ (Global Village). ehLfs; jq;fisr; Rw;wp vOg;gpa nghUshjhu Ntypfis ntl;b cyfg; nghUshjhuk; Eistjw;F (Globalalisation of economy ) ghij mikj;Jf; nfhLj;Js;sd. nfhf;f Nfhyh> kf;nlhdhy;];> ikf;Nwhnrht;w; Nghd;w gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fs; ,y;yhj ehNlh efuj;ijNah ,d;w ghHf;f KbahJ.
tpkhdq;fspy; gazpf;Fk; xUtH ,d;W fhiyr; rhg;ghl;il tPl;by;
Kbj;Jf; nfhz;L nuhwd;Nuhtpy; tpkhdj;jpy; Vwpg; gwe;J nrd;W kj;jpahdr;
rhg;ghl;bw;F Nuhf;fpNah Ngha;r;NrHe;J
tpLfpwhH. kPz;Lk; ,uTr; rhg;ghl;bw;F mT];jpNuypahtpd; rpl;dp efH Ngha;r; NrHe;J
tpLfpwhH!
tpz;ntspg; gazk; ,d;W xU Gjpa rfhg;jj;ij cUthf;fpAs;sJ. 1969k; Mz;L> A+iy 20k; ehs;jhd; kdpjd; Kjd;Kiwahf epyhtpy; fhyb vLj;J itj;jhd;. me;j Kjybia vLj;J itj;j Mk;];Nwhq; vd;w tpz;ntsp tPuH "" ,J kdpjDf;F xU rpd;d vLj;jb Mdhy; kdpj Fyj;jpw;F ,uhl;rj vLj;jb"" ("This is a small step for Man but a Giant leap for mankind).
,e;j ,lj;jpy; ,e;j tpz;ntspg; gazj;jpd; Kjyb kpjptz;bf; fil itj;J elhj;jpa tpy;gH iul;> MHtpy; iul; vd;w cld;gpwg;Gf;fshy; Muk;gpj;J itf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij ,q;F epidT $WtJ ey;yJ. tpkhdg; gazk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; tpz;ntspg;gazk; rhj;jpakhf ,Ue;jpUf;fhJ.
,g;Nghnjy;yhk; epyhTf;fhd gazk; rHt rhjhuzkhfptpl;lJ.
mLj;jjhf nrt;tha;f; fpufj;jpy; kdpjid ,wf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; mnkupf;fh ,wq;fpAs;sJ. nrt;tha;f; fpufj;jpy;
jz;zPH ,Uf;fpw rhj;jpak; cz;nld mwptpayhsHfs; ek;GfpwhHfs;. mijf; fz;lwpa ehrh
nrt;tha;f; fpufj;Jf;F xU ,ul;il tpz;ntspf; fg;giy 2003k; Mz;by; mDg;gp mjid
jiuapwf;f ,Uf;fpwJ.
re;jpud;> nrt;tha; Nghd;w fpufq;fspy; kdpjHfisf;
FbNaw;wp G+kpapy; ,d;W ngupa gpur;rpidahfptpl;l kf;fs;
njhifiaf; Fiwf;f Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,d;Dk; Ik;gJ Mz;Lfspy;
re;jpud;> tpahod;> nrt;tha; Nghd;w fpufq;fSf;fhd tpz;ntspg; gazk; ,d;iwa
tpkhdg; gazk;Nghy rHt rhjhuzkhfp tpLk;.
mq;nfy;yhk; kf;fs; FbNaw;wq;fs; eilngw;W CHfs;> efuq;fs; cz;lhfp tpLk;.
,g;NghNj ,Jkhjpupf; fw;gidf; fijfs;> Gjpdq;fs;>
jpiug;glq;fs; te;J tpl;ld. nfd;db
mz;lntsp ikaj;ijr; Rw;wpg; ghHj;jNghJ mq;Fs;s xU jpiuauq;fpy; mg;gbahdxU glj;ij
Kg;gupkhzj;jpy; Nghl;Lf; fhl;bdhHfs;!
Mdhy; jkpoHfs; ,tw;iwf; ftdj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;iy. nrt;tha; Njh\k; Nghf rhe;jp
nra;fpwhHfs;. rdp Njh\k; ePq;f vs;nsz;izr; rl;b vupf;fpwhHfs;. ,uz;L thuq;fSf;F
Kd;dH rdpg;ngaHr;rp Vw;gl;lJ. jkpo;ehl;Lf; Nfhtpy;fSf;F gf;jHfs; gil
gilahfg; NghdhHfs;. kf;fs; nts;sk; miy NkhjpaJ vd jkpo;ehL nra;jpj; jhs;fs;
gugug;ghfr; nra;jp ntspapl;ld.
,q;Fs;s Nfhtpy;fs;$l gf;jHfis tisj;Jg; gpbf;f Nfhtpy;fis Nguq;fhb (Super Market) ghzpapy; mikj;Js;shHfs;. fhy;typf;f fil filahf Vwhky; tPl;Lf;F Ntz;ba rfy czT> kuf;fwp> ,iwr;rp vy;yhtw;iwAk; xNu ,lj;jpy; (One stop shopping) thq;fptpl Nguq;fhb ,Uf;fpwjy;yth? mNjkhjpup ,d;W xNu Nfhtpypy; vy;yhr;rhkpfisAk; xUNru topgLfpw khjpup trjp nra;J itj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. gps;isahH Nfhtpypy; KUfd;> tp\;Z> rptd;> mk;ghs;. KUfd; Nfhtpypy; gps;isahH> rptd;> mk;ghs;. ,g;gb kw;wf; Nfhtpy;fspy; tQ;rk; nra;ahky; vy;yhf; flTsiuAk; itj;Js;shHfs;. Gjpjhf,g;NghJ etf; fpufq;fshy; ey;y tUtha; ,Uf;fpwJ vdf; fz;L nfhz;l Nfhtpy; epHthfq;fs; mtw;iwAk; gpujpl;il gz;zp itj;jpUf;fpd;wd.
KUfd; Nfhtpypy; etf;fpufq;fs; itf;ff; $lhJ. ,J Mfk tpjp. Mdhy; gz tUthiaf; fUjp
etf;fpufq;fis itf;fpwhHfs;. nghJthf ,g;NghJ Mfk tpjpia ahUk; ftdpg;gjpy;iy. Mfk
tpjpg;gb mHr;rfHfs; rKj;jpuj;ijf; flf;ff; $lhJ. rKj;jpuk; GdpjkhdJ vd;gJjhd;
fhuzk;. Iag;gd; rhkpf;Fk;> Iag;gd; NfhtpYf;Fk; Mfkj;jpy; ,lkpy;iy. Mdhy;
rk;ge;jg;gl;ltHfs; ,J fypfhyk; vd;W VjhtnjhU rhl;Lr; nrhy;yp jg;gpj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;. xUtpjj;jpy; ,e;j Ntjhfk rhj;jpuq;fs; vy;yhk; Kd;NdhHfs; vOjpitj;j
Fg;ig vd;W epidg;gJ ey;yJjhd;.
Nfhtpy; Kjyhspfs; gf;jHfspd; Kbr;ir ierhf mtpo;g;gjw;F Vw;wthW nra;jpj;jhs;fspYk;> thndhypfspYk; tpsk;guk; nra;fpwhHfs;.
thndhyp mwptpg;ghsHfs; "",why;> ez;L>
kPd;> ,iwr;rp vJ Ntz;Lk; vd;whYk; vq;fis ehLq;fs;"" vd;w mq;fhb
tpsk;guq;fis thrpj;j thNahL ,e;j NjHj; jpUtpoh tpsk;guq;fisAk;
nra;fpwhHfs;.
""rdp Njh\k; cs;stHfs; rdpgfthDf;F vs;nsz;izr;
rl;b vupj;J mtupd; mUisg; ngw;W ca;AkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwhHfs;""
,g;gb xU tpsk;guk;. ,d;Dk; xUgb NkNy
Ngha; rdp> nrt;tha;> tpaho Njh\k; ,y;yhjtHfSk; mHr;rid mgpNrfk; nra;jhy;
mtHfSf;Fk; fpufq;fspd; mDf;fpufk; fpilf;Fk; vd;W tpsk;guk; nra;fpwhHfs;. mjhtJ
Njh\k; ,Uf;fpwtHfs;> Njh\k;
,y;yhjtHfs; vd;w ,UrhuhuJ kbKbr;rpia mtpo;f;fj;jhd; ,e;j
je;jpukhd tpsk;guj;ijr; nra;fpwhHfs;!
gy ,yl;rk; iky;fSf;F mg;ghy; cs;s ,e;jf; fpufq;fs; jdJ
tho;f;ifia epHzapf;fpwJ my;yJ
ghjpf;fpwJ vd;W jkpoHfs; cz;ikapNyNa ek;GfpwhHfs;. ek;GtJ kl;Lk; my;y fpufq;fs;
gifj;JtpLk; vd;W gae;J rhfpwhHfs;.
,e;jf; fpufq;fspdhy; Vw;gLfpw Njh\k;
Nghf> ,e;jf; fpufq;fSf;F> mjhtJ mtw;wpd; G+Nyhf jufHfSf;F>
mHr;rid vd;w ngaupy; nfhQ;rk; ,yQ;rk; nfhLj;jhy; vy;yhk; rupahfg;
Ngha;tpLk; vd;W gbahj Kl;lhf;fs; kl;Lk; my;y nkj;jg; gbj;J mwptpaypy; gl;lk; thq;fpa Kl;lhs;fSk;
ek;GfpwhHfs;!
,q;Fs;s xU thndhyp xypgug;G $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd;
nrhe;jf;fhuH> me;j epWtdj;jpd; tshfj;ijNa ahfrhiyahf khw;wp njhlHe;J %d;W
gfy; %d;W ,uT NtjpaHfs; Ntjke;jpuq;fs;
Xj Nts;tp nra;jjhf mwpe;Njd;. khHf;Nfhdp vd;w mwptpayhsd; fz;Lgpbj;j thndhypia itj;Jg; gpiog;gtHfs;$l
,j;jifa %lek;gpf;ifspy; %o;fp ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. (tsUk;)
fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;!
fpA+gh vQ;rpAs;s ,uz;L
nghJTlik ehLfspy; xd;W!
(4)
(ef;fPud;)
Nfhlk;ghfj;jpy; ve;jj; jkpo;g; glj; jahupg;ghsUk;
fnkuhtpw;F fw;G+u (ag;ghdpa jahupg;G)jPgk; fhl;b G+ir Nghlhky; glg;gpbg;igj;
njhlq;fNt khl;lhH. gFj;jwpthjpfshd rj;jpauh[;> kzptz;zd; Nghd;w ebfHfSk; NtW
topapy;yhky; ,g;gbahd G+irapy; fye;J nfhz;L fd;dj;jpy; Nghl;Lf; nfhs;fpwhHfs;.
rpyrkak; fw;G+ug; Gifgl;L fnkuhf;fs;
gOjhdJk; cz;L!
rup tpkhdk; Gwg;gl Maj;jkhfptpl;lJ. ,Lg;G
thiu ,Wf;fkhf fl;LkhW tpkhdp fl;lis
gpwg;gpf;fpwhH. njhiyf; fhl;rpapy;
tpkhdk; eLthdpy; tpgj;Jf;F Mshdhy; vg;gb capH ghJfhg;G rl;ilia mzpe;J nfhz;L
mtru thry;topahf ntspNawp tplNtz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wp tpsf;fk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. Kd;dH ,g;gbahd tpsf;fj;ij
tpkhdg; gzpg;ngz;fs; Neupy; epd;W nra;J
fhl;LthHfs;. ,g;NghJjhd;
njhiyf;fhl;rp> tPbNah vd;W etPd mwptpay; fz;L gpbg;Gf;fs; te;J tpl;ldNt. ,e;j tpsf;fq;fis tPbNahg; glkhfg;
Nghl;L njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; fhl;bdhHfs;.
tpkhdg; gazj;jpy; ,e;jf; fl;lk; ,Uf;fpwNj? mJ vg;NghJk;
kdJf;F mr;rk; jUtjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. tpkhdk; tpgj;Jf;Fs;shdhy; ,tw;iw vy;yhk;
Nghl;Lf; nfhs;s Neuk; fpilf;Fkh vd;gJ
xd;W. ,uz;L tpkhdk; flypy;jhd; tpOk; vd;gJ vd;d epr;rak;?
fle;j A+iy 25k; ehs; (nrt;tha;f;fpoik) VaH gpuhd;]; epWtdj;Jf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd nfhd;Nfhl; Vvt; 4590 tpkhdk; Charles de Gaulle tpkhd epiyaj;jpy; ,Ue;J Gwg;gl;l rpy epkplq;fspy; gup]; efUf;F tlf;Nf tpOe;J nehUq;fpaJ. ,e;j tpkhdk; ngUk;ghYk; n[Hkd; ehl;L Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis Vw;wpf; nfhz;L epA+NahHf; efuj;ij Nehf;fpg; gwe;J nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,jpy; gazk; nra;j tpkhdp cl;gl 109 NgH capupoe;jhHfs;. jiuapy; xU Nfhl;lypy; jq;fpapUe;j NkYk; 4 NgH ,we;Jgl;lhHfs;. Mf nkhj;jk; 114 NgH capupoe;jhHfs;. kpifnahyp tpkhdkhd nfhd;Nfhl; ,g;gb xU tpgj;jpy; rpf;fpf; nfhz;lJ ,JNt Kjy; jlit vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
kpifnahyp tpkhdq;fshd nfhd;Nfhl; gpupj;jhdpa jahupg;ghFk;. gpupj;jhdpa VaHNt]; epWtdk; (British Airways) 1969k; Mz;L nfhd;Nfhl; tpkhdq;fis tHj;jf mbg;gilapy; Nritapy; <LgLj;jpaJ. Kg;gJ Mz;Lfs; fopj;J mjdplk; nkhj;jk; VO tpkhdq;fNs gad;ghl;Lf;F ,Ue;jd. ,tw;iw Xl;Ltjw;F 19 Flight Officers, 23 tpkhd Xl;bfs;> 23 Flight Engineers mlq;fpa FO ,Ue;jJ. jahupg;gpy; nfhd;Nfhl; tpkhdq;fs; njhopy; El;gj;jpd; nfhLKbiaj; njhLtjhf nra;ag;gl;lit. kzpf;F 2200 fpNyh kPl;lH Ntfj;jpy; gwf;ff;$ba ,e;j tpkhdq;fs; mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuj;ij ,uz;L kzpj;jpahyq;fspy; fle;JtpLk;.
nghJthf tpkhdq;fs; jiuapy; ,Ue;J NkNy fpsk;Gk;NghJk;>
gpd;dH jiuapwq;Fk; NghJNk tpgj;Jf;Fs;shfpd;wd vdg; Gs;sptpguq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jnfhd;Nfhl; tpkhdKk; jiuapy; ,Ue;J fpsk;Gk;NghNj
tpgj;Jf;Fs;shdJ.
tpkhdj;jpd; ,lg;Gw vd;[pd; tpkhdk; XL ghijapy; XLk;NghNj
jPg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; tpkhdj;jpd; Ntfk; kzpf;F 350 fp.kP. Ntfj;jpw;Fk;
mjpfkhf ,Ue;jjhy; mjidj; jiuapy; itj;Nj epw;ghl;l Kbatpy;iy. tpkhdk; XLk; Ntfk;
kzpf;F 240 fp.kP. Ntfj;Jf;Ff; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk mjidj; jiuapy; epw;ghl;l KbAk;. Ntfk; kzpf;F 240 fp.kP.
Fiwthf ,Uf;F kl;Lk; tpkhdpapd; ,Uf;iff;F Kd;dhy; xU rptg;G tpsf;F
vupe;J nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk;. Ntfk; 240 fp.kP. jhz;baJk; me;j rptg;G tpsf;F jhdhf
mize;J tpLk;.
md;iwa jpdk; tpkhdj;jpd; Ntfk; 240 fp.kP.f;F Nkyhf ,Ue;jjhy; tpkhdp NtW topapd;wp thdpy; fpsk;gpdhH. jpUk;gp Gwg;gl;l tpkhdepiyaj;Jf;Fg; gwg;gjw;Fg; gjpy; mUfpy; 10 fp.kP. Jhuj;jpy; ,Ue;j Le Bourget tpkhd jsj;jpy; mtrukhfj; jiuapwq;f Kaw;rp nra;jhH. mMdhy; tpkhdepiyaj;Jf;F ,d;Dk; 5 fp.kP. Jhuk; ,Uf;Fk;NghNj tpkhdk; jiuapy; tpOe;J nehUq;fptpl;lJ.
XLghijapy; tpiuthf xU iky; Xba VaH fdlh tpkhdk; ,g;NghJ
thdpy; fpsk;gp tpl;lJ. ngUk;ghYk; tpkhdk; fpsk;Gk; NghJk; ,wq;Fk;NghJk; tpgj;Jf;Fs;shfpwJ vd;W NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Nld;.
,e;jf; fz;lj;ij tpkhdk; jhz;btpl;lJ kdJf;F MWjyhf ,Ue;jJ.
,g;NghJ Nkff; $l;lq;fs; fPNoAk; tpkhdk; NkNyAk; gwe;jJ.
njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; Neuk;>tpkhdk; gwf;Fk; Ntfk;> G+kpapypUe;J tpkhdk;
gwf;Fk; cauk;> tpkhdk; nry;Yk; ghij>ntl;g jl;gk; vy;yhtw;iwAk;
fhl;bdhHfs;.
rup. ,Jtiu tpkhdk; vq;Nf gwe;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;gijr;
nrhy;ytpy;iyNa? nrhy;ytpy;iy vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;. Mdhy; fl;Liuapd; jiyg;igg; ghHj;J
ePq;fs; rupahf mjid ,e;j kl;by; Cfpj;jpUg;gPHfs;.
tpkhdk; fpA+ghtpd; tl-fpof;Ff; fiuNahukhf cs;s tuNlNuh (Varadero) tpkhd epiyaj;ij Nehf;fpg; gwe;J nfhz;bUe;jJ. nuhwd;Nuhtpy; ,Ue;J tuNlNuh RkhH 2600 fp.kP. Jhuk;. kzpf;F 600-750 fp.kP. Ntfj;jpy; tpkhdk; gwe;J nfhz;bUg;gjhy; ,d;Dk; %d;W %d;wiu kzpj;jpahyaj;jpy; fpA+gh Ngha;r; NrHe;J tplyhk;.
xU ,Uf;if fhypahf ,y;yhky; tpkhdk; gazpfshy; epuk;gp
,Ue;jJ. vy;NyhUk; fNdba Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs;. tpLKiwia fpA+ghtpy;
fopf;fg; gwe;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs;. rup
tpkhdk; jiuapwq;f ,d;Dk; %d;W kzpj;jpahyq;fshtJ nry;Yk;. mjw;fpilapy; fpA+ghitg;gw;wpa rpy tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;GfisAk;
Gs;sp tpguq;fisAk; ghHj;J tpLNthk;.
,d;W cyfpy; vQ;rpapUf;Fk; ,uz;L nghJTlik ehLfspy; fpA+ghTk; xd;W. kw;wJ tl nfhupah. et rPdh jd;id xU nghJTlik ehlhfr; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;lhYk;
jdpf; fl;rp vd;w xU mk;rj;ijtpl Vidait xU Kjyhspj;Jt ehl;Lf;Fupa ,yf;fzq;fshfNt
njd;gLfpd;wd. mjd; nghUshjhuk; jdpAlikahf;fg; gl;Ltpl;lJ. Rje;jpu tzpf
tiyaq;fs; \q;fha;> fd;ld; Nghd;w gy Kf;fpa efuq;fspy; epWtg;gl;Ls;sd.
cyf tzpf mikg;gpy; (World Trade Organization ) rPdh ,d;W xU cWg;gpduhf cs;sJ. ,e;j mikg;Gj;jhd; midj;J ehLfSf;F ,ilapyhd Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp tzpfj;ijf; fz;fhzpj;J xOq;F gLj;JfpwJ. (tsUk;)
fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;!
G+HtPf Fbkf;fs; G+z;NlhL
mopf;fg;gl;lhHfs;
(5)
(ef;fPud;)
xU fhyj;jpy; Nrhtpaj; ehL nghJTlikthjpfsJ G+Nyhf
nrhHf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. mjd; jiyefkhd
nkh];Nfht; nghJTilikthjpfSf;F nkf;fh Nghd;W Gdpj G+kpahff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
,e;Jkj gf;jHfs; fhrp> ,uhNkRtuk;> ahj;jpiu
Ngha;te;jhy; vg;gb n[d;kk; <NlWk; vd;W ek;gpdhHfNsh mNjNghy;
nghJTlikthjpfSk; Nrhtpaj; ehL Ngha;te;jhy; n[d;k rhgy;ak; fpilf;Fk; vd;W ek;gpdhHfs;.
nkh];Nfhtpy; kionga;jhy; nfhOk;gpy; Fil gpbg;ghHfs; vd;W nghJTlikthjpfs; xU fhyj;jpy; Nfyp
nra;ag;gl;lhHfs;.
me;jf; fhyj;jpy; Nrhtpaj; ehl;bypUe;J gytHzq;fspy; mofhfg; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;l Vuhskhd rQ;rpiffs; jkpo;> rpq;fsk;> Mq;fpyk; vd Kk;nkhopfspYk; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. VjhtJ xU nghJTlik mikg;NghL njhlHG ,Ue;jhy; ,e;j rQ;rpiffs; ,ytrkhfNt fpilj;JtpLk;. Nrhtpaj; ehL vd;w rQ;rpif ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; Illustrated Weeekly of India ghzpapy; tpjk;tpjkhd glq;fSld; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,d;ndhU nra;jpj;jhspd; ngaH Moscow News.
Nrhtpaj; ngupa ty;yurhf> mnkupf;fh> gpupl;ld;>
gpuhd;]; Nghd;w Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfSf;F rpk;k nrhg;gdkhf tpsq;fpa fhyj;jpy; fpA+gh Nrhtpaj; Ml;rpahsHfsJ
nry;yg;gps;isahf tpsq;fpaJ. Mz;nlhd;Wf;F Nrhtpaj; ehL Ke;DhW-ehDhW Nfhb
nlhyHfis
fpA+ghtpw;F cjtp epjpahff; nfhLj;J te;jJ. Aj;j
jsghlq;fs;> MAjq;fs;> kpf; tpkhdq;fs;> njhopy; El;g MNyhrfHfs; vd;W
Vfg;gl;l cjtpfis fpA+ghtpw;F Nrhtpaj; A+dpad; jhuhskhf toq;fpaJ. fpA+ghtpd; rPdp Nrhtpaj; A+dpadJ vupnghUSf;F
gz;lkhw;whff; nfhLf;fg; gl;lJ.
Mdhy; 1990y; Nrhtpaj; A+dpad; rpjwpaNghJ fpA+gh
eLj;njUtpy; tplg;gl;lJ. Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaj;jpy; vQ;rpapUe;j cUrpah fpA+ghNthL
,Ue;j nghUshjhu-murpay; njhlHGfisnky;y mWj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. Nrhtpaj; ehl;bd;
nghUshjhu cjtpia itj;Jf;nfhz;Lmnkupf;fh jd;kPJ tpjpj;j nghUshjhuj; jilia
rkhspj;J te;j fpA+gh cUrpah me;j cjtpia epWj;jptpl nghUshju neUf;fbf;F cs;shdJ.
,g;NghJ $l fpA+gh xU MNuhf;fpakhd nghUshjuj;ijf; fl;b vOg;g Kbahj epiyapy; js;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. fpA+ghtpy; fhzg;gLk; ngupa ghyq;fs; vy;yhk; Gul;rpf;F Kd;dH (1959) ngUk;ghYk; mnkupf;fhtpdhy; fl;lg;gl;litNa. Gul;rpf;Fg; gpd;dH xU ghye;jhDk; fl;lg;gltpy;iy vd;fpwhHfs;.
fpwp];JTf;F Kd;> fpwp];JTf;Fg; gpd; vd;W tuyhw;iwg;
gpupg;gJNghy fpA+ghtpd; tuyhw;iwAk; nfhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf;F Kd;dUk; gpd;dUk; vd;W
gpupf;fyhk;. fp.gp. vd;w fhyj;Jf;Fs; fpA+gh Gul;rpf;F (1959) Kd;dH mjd; gpd;dH vd;W gpupj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
1959k; Mz;by;jhd; NrFthuhTk; (Ernesto Ché Guevara
) gply; f];NwhTk; (Fidel Castro) NrHe;J fpA+ghtpd; Gul;rpf;F tpj;jpl;lhHfs;. fpA+ghtpd; jiyefuhd `hthdhit gply; NrFtuh kw;Wk; fhkpNyh rpd;gpA+f]; (Camilo Sienfegos) jiyikapyhd Gul;rpg; gilfs; 1959k; Mz;L [dtup Kjyhk; ehs; mjpfhiy 2 kzpf;F jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;Lte;jhHfs;.
mg;NghJ fpA+gh ehl;il Ml;rp nra;J nfhz;bUe;j rHthjpfhup gw;up];jh FLk;gKk; (Batista family) mtuJ neUq;fpa rfhf;fSk; fpA+ghit Gul;rpahsuplk; tpl;Ltpl;L nfhyk;gpah Kfhkpy; (Camp Columbia) ,Ue;J tpkhdj;jpy; mnkupf;fhtpw;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;whHfs;.
gply; f];NwhTk; xU thuk; fopj;J [dtup 7k; ehs; `hthdh te;J NrHe;jhH. ,ilapy; fpA+ghtpd; 1940k; Mz;L murpay; ahg;G ( 1952k; Mz;L elhj;jg;gl;l ,uhZtg; Gul;rpf;Fg; gpd;dH jsgjp gw;up];jh mjid ,ilepWj;jk; nra;J ,Ue;jhH) kPz;Lk; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;L kDNty; cHWrpah ( Manuel Ursutia) ehl;bd; Ml;rpj; jiytuhfTk; NahNrh kpwh fhHNlhdh ( Joso Mira Cardona) jiyik mikr;ruhfTk; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhHfs;.
1959k; Mz;L gq;Fdp 3k; ehs; fpA+gh Iupup (ITT) fk;gdpf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fpA+gd; njhiyNgrp epWtdj;ij ehl;Llik Mf;fp njhiyNgrpf; fl;lzq;fisAk; Fiwj;jJ.
fpA+gh re;jpj;j Kjy; Gul;rp ,Jjhd; vd;gjy;y. rupahf 450 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH fp];ghdpNahyhtpd; jiyahupahd japNdh (Taino Chief of Hispaniola) fpA+gh ehl;bd; kPJ gil vLj;j ,Rngapd; gilf;F vjpuhf xU nfupy;yh Aj;jj;ij Nkw; nfhz;lhH. Mdhy; mtH mjpy; ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy. ,Rngapd; ehl;Lg; gilaplk; gpbgl;l japNdh fk;gj;jpy; fl;bitf;fg;gl;L capNuhL nfhSj;jg;gl;lhH. mtuJ (G+HtPf) kf;fSk; fpl;lj;jl;l nfhd;nwhopf;fg;gl;lhHfs;.
vQ;rpa fpA+gh ehl;bd; G+HtPf kf;fs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,we;njhope;jhHfs;. ,d;W
fpA+ghtpy; G+HtPf Fbkf;fs; vd;W
nrhy;tjw;F ahUNk ,y;iy. ,e;j cz;ik vdf;F me;j ehl;Lf;Fg; Nghd gpd;dNu njupa te;jJ. mijj; njupe;J nfhz;lgpd;
neQ;rpy; VNjh xU Ks; Fj;jp ,lWtJNghd;w czHT vdf;F Vw;gl;lJ. ,g;NghJ
fpA+ghtpy; cs;stHfspy; gyH ,e;jg; G+HtPf kf;fisf; nfhd;wtHfspd;
topj;Njhd;wy;fs; vd;gij vz;zpaNghJ ,e;j ehl;Lf;F Vd; te;Njhk; vd;w ftiy tpQ;rpaJ.
xU ehl;bd; G+HtPf Fbkf;fis> me;j ehl;by; Mapuf;fzf;fhd Mz;Lfs; tho;e;j kf;fs; $l;lj;ij> xUtH tplhky; nfhd;nwhopj;jhHfs; vd;gij vg;gb ,Nyrpy; nrupf;f KbAk;? ,e;j ,dnthopg;igtpl NtW nfhLik cyfpy; ,Uf;f KbahJ.(tsUk;)
fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;!
,yq;ifapd; G+HtPf Fbkf;fs;
jpuhtplHfNs!
(6)
(ef;fPud;)
,g;gbj;jhd; ,yq;ifapd; G+HtPf Fbfshd ,af;fH>
ehfH> ,uhl;rjH Nghd;Nwhiu tlehl;by; ,Ue;J
te;j tp[ad; guk;giu nfhd;W Ftpj;jJ. gyH fhy nts;sj;jpy; mtHfNshL ,uz;lwf; fye;J
jq;fs; milahsj;ijj; njhiyj;jhHfs;. ,jpy; vQ;rpatHfs;jhd; mz;ikf; fhykhf fhLfspy; tho;e;Jte;j NtlHfshtH.
,tHfis jkpo; ,yf;fpak; FwpQ;rp epyj;Jf;Fupa kf;fshf rpj;jupj;Js;sd. Ntl;ilahb kpUfq;fisf; nfhd;W jpd;W tho;e;jjhy; NtlHfs; vdg;gl;ldH.
,g;gbahd xU
NtLtg; Fbapy; gpwe;j ngz;izNa me;jf;
fhyj;jpy; jkpo; kf;fsJ vjpupfisf;
nfhd;nwhopj;j KUfd; fjpHfhkj;jpy; fz;L kzk; Gupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. KUfd;> ts;sp> #ugJkd;> gJkNfhis>
rpq;fKfd; Nghd;NwhH tuyhw;W ehaf ehafpfs;jhd;.
,jpy; KUfd; gpw;fhyj;jpy; flTshf;fg;gl;lhH. ,jdhy;jhd; ,e;Jkjf; flTsupy; KUfd; kl;Lk; jkpo;f; flTshfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhH! ,jdhy; Vida flTsH vy;NyhUk; jkpo;f; flTsH my;yH vd;w nghUs; njhf;fp epw;fpwJ. Ntz;Lnkd;why; jpUkhiyAk; (Ky;iy epyj;nja;tk;) jkpo;f; flTs; vd;W Vw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.
ehfHfs;> ,af;fHfs;> ,uhl;rjfHfs;jhd; ,yq;ifapd;
G+HtPf Fbkf;fs; vd;gjw;F epiwa Mjhuq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
,yq;ifj;jPtpd; G+HtPf Fbkf;fs; ahH? jkpouh my;yJ
rpq;fstuh? vd;w Nfs;tp ,yq;if Rje;jpuk; ngw;w fhyj;jpypUe;J jPtpukhf myrg;gl;L
tUfpwJ.
,yq;ifj; jPtpd; tuyhW fp. K.483y; ,d;iwa fypq;fk; my;yJ tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J te;J FbNawpa tp[aDk;
mtdJ vOZhW NjhoHfNshL Muk;gpf;fpwJ vd;Wk; ,yq;ifj;jPT mtd; guk;;giuapduhd rpq;fstHfSf;F kl;LNk nrhe;jkhd ehL vd;Wk;
rpq;fs-ngsj;j jPtputhj tuyhw;whrpupaHfs; thjpf;fpwhHfs;.
mJkl;Lk; my;yhJ jkpoHfs; te;NjW Fbfs;> fhyj;Jf;F fhyk;
,yq;ifkPJ gilnaLj;J te;j ghz;ba Nrho kd;dHfshy; nfhz;Lte;J FbNaw;wg; gl;ltHfs;.
mtHfs; rpq;fsg; ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fsJ jatpy;
thOfpd;wtHfs; vd;gJk; ,e;j rpq;fs-nghj;j ,dthjpfsJ thjkhFk;.
,e;j thjj;Jf;Fj; Jizhahf kfhtk;rk;> R+stk;rk; Nghd;w ngsj;j ,jpfhrq;fs;> rpq;fs - ngsj;j Njrpaj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbnad
nfhz;lhlg;gLk; mefhupf jHkghy Nghd;w rpq;fs NjrpathjpfsJ vOj;Jf;fs; Nkw;Nfhs;fshf vLj;Jf;
fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
""NghH
vd;gJ NtWtopfspy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; murpay;""(''War
is an extension of politics by other means”) vd;W Mq;fpyj;jpy;
nrhy;thHfs;. ,d;iwa jkpoH-rpq;fstUf;F ,ilapyhd <og;Nghiu,yq;ifj; jPT ahUf;Fr; nrhe;jk; vd;w murpay; Nfs;tpf;F
NtW topfspy; gjpy; fhz KidAk; Kaw;rp
vd;W tHzpg;gjpy; jtwpy;iy vd;Nw nrhy;yyhk;.
rpq;fs-ngsj;j ,dthjpfs; tp[adJ tUifNahLjhd; ,yq;ifj; jPtpd; tuyhW
njhlq;FfpwJ vd vz;zp elf;fpwhHfs;. Mdhy; ,e;jf; fijiaf; $Wk; kfhtk;rNk tp[adJ
tUiff;F Kd;dH ,yq;ifj;jPtpy; ehfH>
,af;fH> muf;fH> Gype;jH ,Ue;jdH vd;Wk;mtHfs; nfhw;wk; itj;J nfhbNahLk;
KbNahLk; gilNahLk; murhl;rp nra;jhHfs; vd;Wk; $WfpwJ. NkYk; mDuhjGuj;jpy;
rpq;fs muRk;> ehfH muRk; mUfUNf
rkfhyj;jpy; Ml;rp nra;jjhfj;
njupfpwJ.
kfhtk;rk; 6k; Ehw;whz;by; kfhehk vd;w Gj;jNjuH xUtuhy; ghsp
nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l ,jpfhrk; (epic) MFk;. kfhtk;rk; vd;why; ""ngUq;FbapdH"" vd;gJ
nghUshFk;. tk;rk; jkpo;r; nrhy;yhFk;. ,J ,yq;ifgw;wpa fHzguk;giu fijNahL
Muk;gpj;J kfhNrdd; Ml;rpNahL(fp.gp.
334- 362) KbTWfpwJ. ,jd;; ,uz;lhtJ
ghfk; R+stk;rk; vdg; ngaH ngWk;. ,jd; Kjy; gpupT 13k; Ehw;whz;by; tho;e;j jHkfPHj;jp vd;w Gj;jNjuuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ vd
ek;gg;gLfpwJ.
kfhtk;rj;jpd; fijehafd; Jl;l
ifKDntd;why; (fp.K. 101-77) R+stk;rj;jpd; fijehafd; jhJNrdd; Mthd; ( fp.gp. 1137-1186).
jkpo;kd;dd; vy;yhsd; mDuhjGuj;jpy; ePjp jtwhj
nrq;Nfhyhl;rpia elhj;jpdhYk; mtd;
""Gd;ndwp"" (false
beliefs) nfhz;ltd;
vd;w fhuzj;jhNyNa mtd; kPJ Jl;l ifKD gilnaLj;jhd; vd kfhtk;rk; njuptpf;fpwJ. mJkl;Lky;yhJ
vy;yhsd; -ifKD Aj;jj;jj;ij jkpoHfSf;F vjpuhf rpq;fstH elhj;jpa Gdpj Aj;jk; vdf; fhl;l kfhtk;rk; Kad;Ws;sJ. Mdhy; vy;yhsd;-Jl;lifk;KD
Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ vy;yhsd; jug;gpy;
kl;Lky;y Jl;lifKDtpd; gilapYk; jkpoHfs;
,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.
ifKDtpd; gilj;jsgjpfspy; xUtdhf
ee;jkpj;jd; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhd;. ,tdJ neUq;fpa cwtpdd; vy;yhsd; gilapd; Nrdhjpgjpahf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhd;. mJ kl;Lk;
my;yhJ cUFizapypUe;J mDuhjGuj;Jf;F gilnaLj;J te;j ifKD ,ilapy; rpw;wurHfshf ,Ue;j 32 jkpourHfisg; Nghupy; ntd;whd; vd;W kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
,J fp.K. ,uz;lhk; Ehw;whz;by; KO ,yq;ifapYk; jkpoHfs; gutp tho;e;jhHfs;
vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ.
,yq;ifj; jPTf;F Gj;jngUkhd; Kk;Kiw te;jjhf kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Kjy; Kiw te;jNghJ Ml;rpAupikgw;wp jq;fSf;Fs; Nkhjpf;nfhz;l
,uz;L ,af;f murHfspilNa rkhjhdj;ij epiy ehl;bdhH vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
,uz;lhtJ Kiw te;j NghJ Gj;jH
ehfjPtpy; ,wq;fp muRupikgw;wp jq;fSf;Fs; NghHGupe;j ,uz;L ehf murHfsJ gpzf;ifj;
jPHj;J> me;j murHfs; cupikNtz;bg; NghHGupe;j kzpj;jtrpy; mkHe;J %d;W Nfhb
ehfHfSf;F Gj;j jUkj;ijg; Nghjpj;jhnud kfhtk;rKk; Gj;jkj
fhg;gpakhd kzpNkfiyAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
%d;whtJ Kiw Gj;jH te;jNghJ ,d;W
fsdp vd;W miof;fg;gLk; fy;ahzpapy; murcupikf;fhf rz;ilgpbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j kz;Nlhjud; Fz;Nlhjud; vd;w ,uz;L ehf
murHfSf;fpilapy; epytpa gpzf;ifg; Nghf;fpdhH vd;W kfhtk;rk; $WfpwJ. (tsUk;)
fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;!
,yq;ifapd; G+HtPf Fbfs;!
(7)
(ef;fPud;)
kfhtk;rk; ,yq;ifapd;
Mjpf;Fbfs; vd rpq;fstH> jur;rH> yk;Gf;fhzH ( Kay; my;yJML)> ghypNgh[fH
(fhfk;)> NkhupaH (kapy;)> Gypq;jH ,tHfisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. kfhtk;rj;jpd;
fijg;gb NtlH tp[aDf;Fk; FNtdpf;Fk; gpwe;j gps;isfs; vdr; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rpq;fstH fhyj;jhy; NtlHfSf;F
Ke;jpatHfs; vdf; fhl;lNt kfhtk;r MrpupaH
,e;j Gide;Jiuia GFj;jpAs;shH. NtlHfs; ngUkstpy; ,yq;ifapy; FbNawpa MupaHfNshL
ehsiltpy; kzTwT %yk; fye;jhHfs; vd "",yq;ifapd; gioa
tuyhW"" vd;w Ehypy; [p.rp. nkd;b]; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. fz;br;rpq;fstH njd;Gyj;NjhHf;F gilay;
gilf;Fk; tof;fk; NtlHfsJ fyg;gpdhy; Vw;gl;lnjd fyhepjp nrypf;kd; mgpg;gpuhag;
gLfpwhH.
,e;j ehfHfs;> ,af;fHfs;>
NtlHfs; Mjpjpuhtpl ,dkf;fs; vd;gJk; mtHfs; rpwe;j ehfupfk; gilj;jtHfs; vd;gJk; ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. (rq;ffhyg;
GytHfspy; rpyH ehfH> FwtH> FatH Fyj;jijr; rhHe;jtHfshf
,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.)
,g;NghJ Flhehlhf tpsq;Fk; aho;g;ghzk; Kd;ndhU fhyj;jpy;> mjhtJ fpwpe;J gpwg;gjw;F mNef
Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH ,uz;L jPTfshf ,Ue;jJ. Nkw;Nf ehfjPgk;> kzpehfjPgk;> kzpGuk;> kzpgy;ytk; vd;Dk; ngaHfshy; toq;fg;gl;l ngUe;jPTk;>fpof;Nf
vUik Ky;iyj;jPT vd;W ngaHngw;w rpWjPTk; ,Ue;jd.
,it fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; ,lk;ngw;w flw;Nfhs;fspdhy; ngUk;gFjp mope;J
Nghapd. ,d;W aho;ghzf;Flh ehl;ilr; Rw;wpapUf;Fk; Gq;FLjPT> mdiyjPT>
kz;iljPT Nghd;wjPTfs;
mg;ngUe;jPtfj;jpd; kpQ;rpa gFjpfNsahFk;.
fp.K. tl ,e;jpahit Mz;l ghz;ltHfspy; xUtdhd mHr;Rdd; jPHj;jahj;jpiu
Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ ,d;iwa fPupkiyahd eFykiyiaf; nfhz;l kzpGuj;Jf;F te;jhndd;Wk;>
me;j ehl;L ehfturddpd; kfs; rpj;jpuhq;fijiaf; fz;L fhjy; nfhz;L mtis
jpUkzk; nra;jhndd;Wk; ghujf;fijapy; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. mUr;Rdd; -rpj;jpuhq;fij
,UtUf;Fk; gpwe;j rpj;jputhfd; vd;ghd; jdJ je;ijahfpa mUr;Rdidg; Nghupy; ntd;whd; vd;Wk; mtdJ nfhb
rpq;ff; nfhbnad;gJk; kfhghujj;jhy; mwpag;gLk;.
,e;jr; rpq;ff; nfhbNa tp[adpd;
re;jjpNahL ehfHfs; kzTwT itj;J ,uz;lwf; fye;jNghJ rpq;fstupd; nfhbahfg; gpd;dH
khwpaJ.
FNtdpia kze;j tp[ad; mtisf; iftpl;Lg; gpd; ghz;ba ,sturpia kze;J nfhz;lhd; vd;W kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpl;lhYk;
Fyg; gpd;dzp vJTk; ,y;yhj tp[aDf;F %Nte;jHfspy; xUtdhfpa ghz;bad; ngz; nfhLj;jpUf;f khl;lhd; vd;Wk; ehffd;dpif xUj;jpiaNa tp[ad; kzKbj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; KjypahH rp. ,urehafk; mtH vOjpa aho;g;ghzr; rupj;jpuk; vd;Wk;
Ehypy; $wpAs;shH.
ehfH> ,af;fH> muf;fH>
NtlH ,tHfs; vy;NyhUk; Kd; Fwpg;gl;lJ Nghy; ,dj;jhy; jpuhtplHfNs. rkaj;jhy;
irtHfNs. ,NjNghy; fypq;fj;jpypUe;J ,yq;if te;j tp[aDk; mtNdhL te;j fypq;fHfSk; rkaj;jhy; rpt
topghl;bdNu.
ehfH> ,af;fiu kdpjuy;yhNjhH
my;yJ miukdpjHfshf kfhtk;rk;
rpj;jupg;gjd; Nehf;fk; rpq;fstNu Mjpf;Fbnad;w khaia Njhw;Wtpg;gjw;NfahFk;.
tp[ad; ,yq;ifapy; jiuapwq;fpaNghJ ,d;Ws;s Ie;J <Rtuq;fshd jpUf;NfjPRtuk;> eFNyRtuk;> jpUf;NfhNzRtuk; khkhq;NfRtuk; kw;Wk; Kd;dPRtuk; Nghd;w rpthyaq;fs;
mg;NghJk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpy;
jpUf;NfjPRtuKk; NfhNzRtuKk; Mwhk; Ehw;whz;by; tho;e;j jpUQdrk;ge;j ehadhH> Re;ju%Hj;jp ehadhH
,UtuhYk; Njthug; ghly;ngw;w jpUf;Nfhtpy;fshFk;.
Nky;Fwpg;gpl;l Ie;J
<Rtuq;fistpl njd;dpyq;ifapy; Gfo; ngw;w fjpHfhkk;> NjNte;jpuKidapy;
re;jpunksyPRtuH Nghd;w irtrka Myaq;fSk; kj;jpapy; rptndhspghj kiyAk;
,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd.
,yq;ifia Mz;l ,af;fHFy kd;ddhd
,uhtzd; kpfr; rpwe;j rptgf;jdhf tpsq;fpatd;. jpUQhdrk;ge;jH "",uhtzd; NkyJ
ePW"" vd;W jpUEhw;Wg; gjpfj;jpy; ,tidg; Nghw;wpg; ghbAs;shH. vl;lhk;
Ehw;whz;by; tho;e;j khzpf;fthrfH ,uhtzdpd; gl;lj;jurpia
""MHfyp R+o;njd;dpyq;if mofkH
kz;Nlhjupf;Fg; NguUs; ,d;gk; mspj;j ngUe;Jiw Nkagpuhid rPupathahy; FapNy njd;ghz;behlidf;
$tha;"" vdf; Fapy;gj;jpy; rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghbAs;shH.
""ngUe;Jiw Nkagpuhd;"" vd;W Jha
jkpopy; ""ehSk; ,d;dpirahy; jkpo; gug;Gk; Qhdrk;ge;jd;
"" Fwpg;gpl;lJ khNjhl;lj;J jpUf;NfjPRtuj;jpy; vOe;jUsp ,Uf;Fk;
rptidNa. kh vd;why; ngupaJ vd;W nghUs;. Njhl;lk; vd;why; Jiw vd;W nghUs;. ,e;j
khNjhl;lNk gd;ndLq;fhykhf ,yq;ifapd; Kf;fpa JiwKfkhf tpsq;fpaJ. tq;fhsf;Flhf;
flYf;$lhf fPioj;Njrq;fSf;Fg; gazk; nra;Ak; kuf;fyq;fSk;> rPdNjrj;jpypUe;J
tUk; kuf;fyq;fSk; khNjhl;lk; topahfNt Ngha;te;jd.
jpUf;NfhNzRtu kiyapy;
fhzg;gLk; Mokhd ngupa ntl;L ,uhtzd;
ntl;nld;Nw ,d;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. jpUNfhzkiyf;F tlf;Nf cs;s fd;dpahtpy;
fhzg;gLk; nte;ePH Cw;Wf; fpzWfs; ,uhtzd; jdJ jhahupd; ,Wjpr; rlq;fpid nra;tjw;F
ntl;bdhd; vd;w IjPfKk; ,d;Wtiu jkpo; kf;fspilNa ,Ue;JtUfpwJ.
,uhkhaz fhyj;jpy;> ,yq;ifapd; Nkw;Ff;
fiuNahuj;jpy; ,g;NghJ khNjhl;lk; (kd;dhH) vd;W miof;fg;gLk; khe;ij vd;Dk; efiuj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;LehfH tFg;igr; NrHe;j Xtpa Fyj;jtUk;>
Njtrpw;gpAkhfpa tpRtfHkhtpd; tk;rj;jtuhfpa fk;kpaH Ml;rpnra;J
te;jhHfs;. ,yq;if Nte;jd; ,uhtzd; Njtp
kz;NlhjupAk;> (kz;Nlhjupapd; ,aw;
ngaH tz;lhHFoyp MFk;. mjhtJ tz;Lfs; nkha;j;J Muthupf;Fk; G+f;fs; mzpe;j
$e;jiyAilats; vd;gJ nghUs;. Mdhy;
tlehl;Lf; ftpQH thy;kPfp kz;Nlhjup vd;gij ngupa tapW cilats; (kz;L-ngupa>
cjup-tapW) vd;W ,opthf vOjptpl;lhH. mJNghyNt #Hg;gdifapd; ,aw;ngaH fhkty;yp
MFk;. Mdhy; thy;kPfp #Hg;g vd;why; Kwk;> efh vd;whs; gy;iyAilats; mjhtJ
'Kwg;gy;yp' vd;W ,opTgLj;jp tpl;lhH. kwj;jkpod; ,uhtzdpd; jk;gp Fk;gfHzdpd;
ngaH Flf;fhjd; (Fk;gk; Flk;> fHzd; vd;why; fhJfis cilatd;) vdg; nghUs;gl gopj;J
vOjp tpl;ldH. tl MupaHfs; ,t;thW jkpopdj;J kd;dHfs;> murpfs;> tPuHfs;
ngaHfis ,opj;Jk; gopj;Jk; ngaH #l;btpl;ldH.) mtd; rpwpa je;ijahfpa FNgud; Njtp rpj;jpuNuifAk;> ,k;khe;j efiu Mz;l Njtek;kpa murFy tk;rj;Jg; ngz;fNs. KUff; flTshy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;l
mRuHNfhdhfpa R+ugJkDila Njtp gJkNfhisAk; khe;ij efuj;jtNs. (tsUk;)
fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;!
"" fz;fs;
vg;NghJk; fz;buhj NguoF""
(8)
(ef;fPud;)
khe;ijia Mz;l murH
fhe;jf;Nfhl;il vd;W gyNjrj;jhuhy; Nghw;wg;gl;lJk;> Jhq;nfapy; vd;W GwehDhw;wpy; rpwg;gpf;fl;lJkhd
,Uk;Gf; Nfhl;ilia cilatHfshfTk;> thzpgr; nropg;Gw;wtHfshfTk;> tPuk;
nfhil> ,ir> rpw;gk;> Xtpak; Nghd;wtw;wpy; rpwg;Gw;wtHfshfTk;
tpsq;fpdhHfs;.
khe;ijapy; tho;e;j XtpaFyj;jhupd; rpj;jpuj; njhopypd; rpwg;Gf;fhuzkhfNt
Xtpak; vd;w nrhy; jkpopy; toq;FfpwJ.
,d;W irtHfs; gpbf;Fk; fe;jr\;b tpujk; #ugJkDf;F vjpuhd Nghupy; ,we;njhope;j gy;yhapuf;
fzf;fhd NghuhspfsJ epidthf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eLfy; topghlhFk;. mjd;
toptop kuGjhd; ,d;iwa khtPuH epidT
tpoh!
jkpoHfs; tpopg;NghL ,Uf;fhtpl;lhy; fpA+ghtpy; me;j ehl;Lg; G+HtPfkf;fSf;F Vw;gl;l nfjpjhd; mtHfSf;Fk; Vw;gLk;.
jkpoHfis ehsilapy; rpq;fstHfshf khw;WtNj rpq;fs
murpay;thjpfsJ me;juq;f Nehf;fkhFk;. Vw;fdNt kiyehl;by; thOk; jkpoHfs; gyH may;
fpuhkq;fspy; thOk; rpq;fs fpuhkthrpfis jpUkzk; nra;J rpq;fstHfshf
khwptpl;lhHfs;. Kd;ida fhyq;fspy; Njhl;lj; jkpoHfs; Njhl;lj;jpNyNa gpwe;J>
Njhl;lj;jpNyNa thoe;J> Njhl;lj;jpNyNa ,we;jhHfs;. mtHfsJ cly;fs;
vupf;fg;gLtjw;Fg; gjpy; Njapiyj; Njhl;lj;Jf;F cukhfj; jhf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j cz;ik
gy jkpoHfSf;Fj; njupahJ.
Gj;jsk;> ePHnfhOk;G> rpyhgg; gFjpapy; tho;e;j jkpoHfs; (gujtH) nrd;w Ehw;whz;bd;
Kw;gFjpapy; rpq;fstHfshf khw;wg; gl;lhHfs;. mtHfSila jha;nkhopf;Fg; gjpy; md;iwa jdpahH fj;Njhypf;fg; gs;spf;$lq;fspy; rpq;fs nkhopiaf; fw;if nkhopahf xU fj;Njhypf;f Mz;lif GFj;jpaNj
,jw;Fupa fhuzpahFk;.
Njhl;lq;fs; vOgJfspy; muRlik Mf;fg;gl;l gpd;dH mtw;wpw;Fk;
mtw;iwr; Rw;wpAs;s fpuhkq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd vy;iy Ntypfs; mfw;wg;gl;L tpl;ld.
,jd; fhuzkhf jkpoHfs; rpq;fstHfshf khWk; mghak; mjpfupj;Js;sJ. jkpo;g; gs;spfs;
,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; mk;ghe;Njhl;il Nghd;w gFjpfspy; thOk; jkpoHfs; jq;fs;
gps;isfis rpq;fsg; gs;spfSf;F tpLfpwhHfs;. rpq;fsj;ijg; gbj;J ntspNaWk; ,tHfs;
ehsiltpy; rpq;fstHfshfNt khwptpLthHfs;.
,d;iwa rpq;fstHfspy; ghjpg;NgH xU fhyj;jpy; Rj;j jkpoHfshf
,Ue;jtHfNs. njd;dpyq;ifapy; gutyhf thOk; ryhfk
""rhjpapdH""jkpo;ehl;by; ,Ue;J fUthg;gl;il cupg;gjw;fhf
,yq;iff;Ff; xy;yhe;jHfshy; nfhz;L
Nghfg;gl;ltHfs;. nfhy;tpd; MH.b rpy;th> rp.gp.b rpy;th Nghd;NwhH ,e;j
tFg;igr; NrHe;jtHfNs. fz;ba epyf;fpohH gyupd; mb NtH jkpo;ehLjhd;. rpq;fs murHfs; ngUk;ghYk; ghz;behl;L
,sturpfisNa jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhHfs;. Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghFtpd; ghl;bahH ngaH
cyfkfhNjtp. Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; nry;thf;NfhL tpsq;fpa nrz;gfg;ngUkhs;> moff;NfhdhH guk;giuapdH
Nruehl;Lj; jkpoHfNs.
vdNt kiyehl;Lj; jkpoH jq;fs; milahsj;ij ,of;fhky; ,Uf;f
tl-fpof;Ff;F ,lk; ngau Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb ,lk; ngauhtpl;lhy; mtHfs; ,uz;nlhU jiyKiwapd; gpd; KOr;
rpq;fstHfshf khwptpLthHfs;.
tpkhdk; jiuapwq;f ,d;Dk; nrhw;g NeuNk ,Ue;jJ. mjw;Fs; fpA+ghgw;wpa gUe;Jg; ghHitnahd;iwg; ghHj;J tpLNthk;.
thdj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghHj;jhy; fpA+gh jz;zPUf;F NkNy fpof;F- Nkw;fhff; fplf;Fk; KjiyNghy fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
fpA+ghtpd; KOg;ngaH fpA+gh FbauR. mjd; tlGwk; ml;yhd;bf;
rKj;jpuk;. njd;Gwk; fupgPad; fly; (Caribbean Sea). fpA+ghTf;F kpf
mz;ikapy; (180 fp.kP. ) mnkupf;f khepyq;fspy; xd;whd Gswplh ,Uf;fpwJ. gfhkh]; mijtpl mz;ikapy; 140 fp.kP. Jhuj;jpy;
cs;sJ. njd;Nkw;fpy; cs;s fd;Fd; nkf;rpf;Nfh 210 fp.kP. Jhuj;jpy; cs;sJ.
mnkupf;fhtpw;F flw;gilj; js cgNahfj;jpw;F Fj;jiff;F nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Guantanamo Bay 29 rJu fp.kP. Jhuj;jpy; cs;sJ.
fpA+ghtpd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;G 111>860 rJu fp.kP. ePsk;
1200 fp.kP. (750 iky;fs;). ,jd; mfyk; mjpy; fhy;thrp. mjdJ flw;fiu RkhH
3>735 fp.kP. ePsk;. Ehw;Wf;Fk; mjpfkhd ,aw;iff; flw;fiufs; cs;sd. nfhyk;g];
fpA+ghit Kjy; Kiw ghHj;jNghJ ""fz;fs;
vg;NghJk; fz;buhj NguoF"" vd;W ghuhl;bajpy; ve;jnthU tpag;Gk;
,y;iy vd;Nw nrhy;yyhk;.
fpA+ghtpd; njd;fpof;fpy; kiyfs; cz;L. kw;wg;gb mJ
ngUk;ghYk; xU rkntspahFk;. kpfg;ngupa kiyapd; (Pico Turquino) cauk;
2>005 kPl;lH MFk;.
fpA+gh fdptsq;fs; epiwe;j ehL. Nfhghy;;l;> epf;fy;>
cg;G> ,Uk;G> kq;fdPrpak;> rpypfh> kuq;fs;> ngl;Nwhypak; Nghd;w tsq;fs; cz;L.
Ntshz;;Jiwapy; fUk;G> Gifapiy> Njhil> ehuj;ij
vYkpr;irg; goq;fs;> Nfhg;gp> cUisf;fpoq;F> fliy> fhy;eil Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd.
fpA+ghtpd; kf;fs;njhif 1998k; Mz;L kjpg;gPl;bd;gb
11>050>729 MFk;. kf;fsJ ruhrup mfit 75.64 Mz;Lfs;. ,jpy; Mz;fs; 73.29
Mz;Lfs;. ngz;fs; 78.13 Mz;Lfs;.
,duPjpahf fpA+ghtpy; 51 tpOf;fhL fyg;G ,dj;jtH (Mulatto). nts;isaH 37 tpOf;fhL. fUg;gH 11 tpOf;fhL. rPdH 1 tpOf;fhL. rPdH ,y;yhj ehNl cyfpy; ,y;iyNghy; njupfpwJ.
fpA+ghtpd; cj;jpNahf nkhop ];gdp\;. fpA+gh 14
khfhzq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jiyefuk; `hthdh. fpA+gh 1902k; Mz;L Nk khjk;
20k; ehs; ];ghdp\; ehl;bd; gpbapypUe;J tpLtpj;Jf; nfhz;lgpd;dH jd;id xU Rje;jpu ehlhfg; gpufldg;gLj;jpaJ.
mjw;F Kd;dH ehyhz;Lfs; fpA+gh mnkupf;fhtpd; epHthfj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;jJ. (tsUk;)
fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;!
mz;zd;
rdhjpgjp jk;gp cg rdhjpgjp!
(9)
(ef;fPud;)
fpA+ghtpd; ePjp epHthfk; ];ghdp\;> mnkupf;fh rl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapYk;> nghJTlik Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapYk; eilngWfpwJ.
fpA+ghtpd; rl;lrig "kf;fsJ mjpfhu Njrpa rig" (""National Council of Peoples Authority”) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mjpy; rpwg;G Ntl;ghsH Mizak; xd;wpdhy; epakdk; nra;ag;gLk; 601 cWg;gpdHfs; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. ,tHfsJ gjtpf;fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs;. ,e;j Njrpa rig mur rig ( National State Assembly) mikr;ruitapy; ,lk;ngWk; rdhjpgjp> cgrhdhjpgjp kw;Wk; mikr;rHfis NjHe;njLf;fpwJ. mNjNghy; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; rdhjpgjp> cgrdhjpgjp kw;Wk; ePjpgjpfisAk; ,e;j Njrpa rig epakpf;fpwJ.
jw;NghJ murpd; jiytuhfTk;> murhq;fj;jpd; jiytuhfTk;
gply; f];Nwh gjtp tfpf;fpwhH. mur rigapd; cgrdhjpgjpahfTk;> mikr;ruitapd;
cgrdhjpgjpahfTk; gply; f];Nwhtpd; rNfhjuH whTy; f];Nwh gjtp tfpf;fpwhH.
fpA+gh xU nghJTlik ehnld;Wk; mq;Nf xU fl;rp (Cuban Communist Party )
Ml;rp epyTfpwJ vd;gijAk; Vw;fdNt $wpapUf;fpNwd;.
fpA+ghtpd; fhyepiy ntl;gkz;lyg; (Tropical) gFjpiar; rhHe;jJ. Mff;$ba my;yJ Mff;Fiwe;j ntl;gjl;g epiyiag; ghHf;f
KbahJ. rhJthd FspNuhL rpy;nyd;W tPRk; fhw;W. kiof;fhyk; itfhrp - Ig;grp.
Nfhilfhyk; fhHj;jpif- rpj;jpiutiu.
ruhrup ntl;gk; 25.5 bf;fpwp nry;rpa];. Nfhilappy; 28.0 bf;fpwp nry;rpa];. FspHfhyj;jpy; 25.5 bf;fpwp nry;rpa];. Mz;by;
ruhrup 330 ehl;fs; #upa ntspr;rk; ,Uf;fpwJ. kio tPo;r;rp xU Mz;by; 1>515
kp.kP. fdtsthFk;.
tpkhdk; gj;jpukhf jiuapwq;fpaJ. vy;NyhUk; ,wq;fp FbtuTr; rlq;Ffis Kbj;Jf; nfhs;sg; Ngha;f; nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. vdJ fz;zpy; Kjy;gl;l taJNghd fpA+ghdpaH me;j ehl;ilg; NghyNt thbtjq;fpf; fhzg;gl;lhH. xU gzf;fhu Kjyhk; cyf ehl;bypUe;J %d;whtJ cyf ehl;Lf;Fg; Nghapwq;fpdhy; tpkhd epiyaj;jpNyNa ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s Ntw;Wik gspr;nrdj; njupAk;. mjpYk; ,yz;ld; tpkhd epiyaj;jpy; ,Ue;J gk;gha; tpkhdk; Ngha; ,wq;FgtHfSf;F ,e;j tpj;jpahrk; Jyhk;gukhfj; njupAk;.
Ml;fs;> fl;blq;fs;> fhyepiy vy;yhNk jiyfPohf
,Uf;Fk;. ,yz;ld;> nuhwd;Nuh>
rpq;fg;G+H Nghd;w ehLfspd; tpkhdepiyaj;jpy; gazpfis vg;gbnay;yhk; kupahijNahL
elhj;JfpwhHfs;. FbtuT mjpfhup "NrH" Nghl;Lj;jhd; NgRthH. ks ksntd;W
flTr;rPl;ilg; ghHj;J mDg;gp tpLthHfs;. ngl;bfisAk; jpwe;J ghHf;fhkNyNa mDg;gp
itg;ghHfs;. gk;gha;> nrd;id vd;why; fhy;fLf;f epw;f Ntz;Lk;. nfhQ;rk;
,rf;Fg; gprfhf Ngrpdhy; """ts;"" ""ts;"" vd;W
tpOe;J fbj;J tpLthHfs;!
xUKiw gk;gha; tpkhd epiyaj;jpy; flTr;rPl;by; Kj;jpiu Fj;Jtjw;F
kj;jpa fpof;F ehLfspy; ,Ue;J te;j gazpfs; me;j mjpfhupf;F mtH Nfl;fhkNyNa gzk;
nfhLj;jijg; ghHj;Njd;. mtUk; xU ifahy;
&gha; Nehl;Lf;fis thq;fpf; fhy;rl;ilg; igf;Fs; milj;Jf; nfhz;L kWifahy;
"yhd;ll;" Kj;jpiu Fj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jhH. fpA+tupir fpilahJ. ehq;fs; Kf;fhy; kzpj;jpahyk; fhy; fLf;f epd;W me;j mjpfhupaplk; Kj;jpiu Fj;jpf; nfhz;L Rq;fg; gupNrhjidf;Fg; NghNdhk;. mq;Fk; mNj fhl;rpjhd;.
fpA+
tupirapy; epd;w vq;fisf; ftdpf;f Ntz;ba Rq;f mjpfhup mbf;fb foptiwf;Fg; NghtJk; tUtJkhf ,Ue;jhH. mtH Nghd
xt;nthU jlitAk; xU gazpAk; mNj
foptiwf;F cs;Ns Ngha; ntspNa te;jhH.
ahUf;Nfh gae;J nfhLg;gdT nfhs;tdT %ba
foptiwf;Fs; elg;gijg; Gupe;J nfhz;Nlhk;.
vq;fsJ Kiw te;jJk; ehd; ifapy; itj;jpUe;j me;jf; fhyj;Jf;
fzzp xd;wpid mtuplk; fhl;bNdd;. mij ehd; nfhOk;Gf;F vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Nghfg;
Nghtjhf mtuplk; nrhd;Ndd;. mtH mijf;
fhjpy; Nghl;Lf; nfhs;shky; me;jf; fzzpia gwpj;J itj;Jtpl;lhH. ,yz;ldpy; fil
filahf Vwp thq;fpa fzdp mJ. mg;NghJjhd;
(1982) fzdp mwpKfkhd fhyk;.
""mLj;j ehs; tpkhdk; nrd;idf;Fg; Gwg;gLk;NghJ mij ePq;fs; cq;fNshL vLj;Jr; nry;yyhk;""
""mij
ehd; tpw;fg; Nghtjpy;iy. Ntz;Lk; vd;why; flTr; rPl;by; vOjptpLq;fs;""
vd;Nwd;. kdpjH tplhf;fz;lH. kWj;J
tpl;lhH.
mLj;j ehs; Nghdhy; me;jf; fzzpia nrd;idf;Ff; nfhz;LNghf
KbahJ nfhOk;Gf;Fg; NghFk;NghJjhd; mjidj; juKbAk; vd;W nrhd;dhHfs;.
"" mg;gbnad;why; nrd;id tpkhdepiyaj;Jf;F mij
mDg;Gq;fs;. mq;fpUe;J nfhOk;Gf;Fg; NghFk;NghJ vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;""
vd;Nwd;.
mjw;Fk; mtHfs; rk;kjg;
gltpy;iy. tpkhdNrit CopaHfs; me;jg; nghWg;ig vLj;Jf; nfhs;s fz;bg;ghf kWj;Jtpl;lhHfs;. mJ jq;fSila
gzpay;y vd;W nrhy;yptpl;lhHfs;.
mq;Fs;s Rq;f Nkyjpfhupfs;> VaH ,e;jpah Nkyjpfhupfs; vdj
; Njbr; nrd;W vy;Nyhuplj;jpYk; nfQ;rpg;
ghHj;Njhk;. xUj;jUk; mire;J nfhLf;ftpy;iy. tpkhdk; Gwg;gl Neukhfptpl;lJ. ,UEhW gTz; (1982) ngWkjpahd fzzpf;F xU
""xU Fl;ig"" nrhy;yptpl;L
Xbg;Ngha; tpkhdj;jpy; Vwpf; nfhz;Nlhk;.
tpkhdj;ij jtwtpl;lhy; kWgb Nfhl;lYf;Fg; NghfNtz;Lk;!
nrd;idf;Fg; NghdTld; vkJ tUiff;fhff; fhj;jpUe;j FLk;g
ez;guplk; ele;j fijia tpyhthupahfr; nrhd;Ndd;.
mtH vd;d nrhd;dhH njupAkh? (tsUk;)
fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;!
"" rpIVapd;
CLUtYf;Fg; gag;gLk; fpA+gh!""
(10)
ef;fPud;
""cq;fSf;F Gj;jpNa ,y;iy! ,J ,e;jpah! Gz;zpa G+kp!
ePq;fs; mtiuf; nfhQ;rk; ftdpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;""
"" vtiu?""
""me;j mjpfhup foptiwf;Fs; NghtJk; tUtJkhf
,Ue;jij ePq;fs; ghHj;jPHfs;jhNd? mg;Gwk; vd;d? ePq;fSk; foptiwg; gf;fk;Ngha; xU
Ie;J gTz; Nehl;il mg;gbNa js;spapUf;f Ntz;Lk;!""
vd;idg; ghHj;J vdf;Fg; Gj;jpNa ,y;iy vd;W nghJthf ahUk;
nrhy;tjpy;iy. nfhOk;Gj;Jiw MWKfehtyH jkpo; tpj;jpahyaj;jpy; gbj;jNghJk; rup>
gpd;dH gupNahthd; fy;Yhupapy; gbj;jNghJ rup mg;Gwk; caH fy;tp fw;wNghJk; rup
gbg;gpy; "nfl;bf;fhud;" vd;W
ngaH thq;fpatd;. Ehw;wpapUgJ NgH vOjpa (md;iwa) v];.v];.rp. guPl;irapy; %d;WNgHjhd; rpj;jpaile;jhHfs;. me;j %d;W Ngupy; ehDk; xUtd;. mg;gbapUf;f vdf;F Gj;jpapy;iy vd;W ez;gH nrhd;dJ
vdf;F mbNahL gpbf;ftpy;iy.
""eP Ie;J gTZf;Fg; gjpy; gj;Jg; gTz; Nehl;il
tpl;nlwpe;jpUe;jhy; me;jg; nghUis nrd;id kl;Lk; fhtpf; nfhz;L te;J
je;jpUg;ghd;fs;!"" vd;whH. ,ij vOjpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ Gz;zpa G+kpahd
ghujk;gw;wp ( ,e;jpahtpd; cj;jpNahf G+Htkhd ngaH ghuj;) te;j nra;jpiag; gbf;f
NeHe;jJ.
Transparency International ransparency International vd;w muR rhHgw;w mikg;G 2000k; Mz;by; Coy;gw;wp 90 ehLfspy; xU Ma;T elhj;jpaJ. mjpy; ,e;jpah 69tJ ,lj;ijg ; gpbj;J ""rhjid"" gilj;Js;sJ. xd;W Kjy; gj;J tiuapyhd xU Coy; GyDzHT msTNfhypy; ( Corruptionn Perception Scale) ,e;jpah 2.8 Gs;spiag; ngw;Ws;sJ. fle;j Mz;L ,J 2.9 Mf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jg; Gs;sp tpguk; nrd;w Mz;iltpl ,e;j Mz;L ,e;jpahtpy; Coy; tsHr;rp ngw;wpUg;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ! ,jpy; Kjyhtjhf mjhtJ Coyw;w ehlhf te;j ehL vJ njupAkh? gpd;yhe;J ehL. ,e;j ehL gj;Jf;F gj;J Gs;spfs; ngw;wJ. mjw;F mLj;jjhf nld;khHf; (9.8)> epA+rPye;J(9.4). If;fpa ,uh[;rpak; 13tJ ,lk;. mnkupf;fh 14tJ (7.8) ,lk; ( nrd;w Mz;L 18). rPsh 63tJ (6.3) ,lk;. cUrpah 82tJ (2.8) ,lk;. filrp ,lk;? cq;fs; Cfk; rup - tof;fk;Nghy ierPupah!
vdJ tho;f;ifapy; vl;by; xU gFjp ,e;j ehl;by;jhd; fope;jJ. cyfj;jpy;
ftiy vd;Dk; Nga;f;F ,iuahfhJ ey;yNjh nfl;lNjh> ,d;gNkh Jd;gNkh vijAk;
kfpo;r;rpNahL vLj;Jf; nfhz;L tho
ierPupa kf;fs; gofpapUf;fpwhHfs;. ,d;iwa ehisf;F tho;. mLj;j ehs;gw;wp ftiyg;glhNj. mij kWehs; ghHj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk; vd;gJ ,tHfsJ jj;Jtk;.
ierPupahtpy; thfd tpgj;J mjpfk;. thlif tz;b Xl;bdHfs;
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te;J tpl;lhH. Nfl;fth Ntz;Lk;. ierPupah ,e;j ifA+l;Lf; fiyapy; cyfstpy; rhjid gilj;j ehL! mg;Nghnjd;d
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ey;y Mq;fpyj;jpy; mtHfNshL thf;Fthjg;
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nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. gpwFjhd; mjw;fhd
fhuzk; Gupe;jJ.
ahuhtJ rpIV csthspfs; ehl;Lf;Fs; GFe;J tpLthHfNsh vd;w
mr;rj;jpy; Ml;fis jPtpukhf Nrhjpf;fpwhHfs; vd;w cz;ikia. FbtuT mjpfhupfs;jhd;
,g;gbnad;why; Rq;f mjpfhupfSk; ngl;bfis mtpl;Lf; nfhl;b ftdkhf Nrhjid
NghLfpwhHfs;. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; Nghij
kUe;ij ahuhtJ flj;jp tUfpwhHfsh vd;w gak;. (tsUk;)