fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
xU
gUe;jpd; epoypy;!
fpA+gh xU
nghJTlik ehnld;gjw;F tYthd Gwr;rhd;Wfs; ,y;iy!
(21)
ef;fPud;
,uT Neuj;jpy;
efiur; Rw;wpg; ghHj;Jf; nfhz;Lte;j ghz;bad; GytuJ ghliy nrtp kLj;jhd;. mLj;j fzk; mtd;
jhd; mzpe;jpUe;j NghHitia mg;GytH kPJg; NghHj;jpr; nrd;whd;.
nghOJ tpbe;jJ.
murd; jdJ fhtyhspfis mioj;J Gytiuj; Njbg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;LtUkhW Miz gpwg;gpj;jhd;. Gytiu
fhtyhspfs; Njbg; gpbj;J te;J murd; Kd;
epWj;jpdhHfs;. murd; kfpo;e;J GytUf;F nghd;Dk;
nghUSk; nfhLj;J jf;fthW cgrupj;J mtiu rj;jpKj;jj;jpw;F mDg;gp itj;jhd;.
ghz;baidf; fz;L
gupR ngw;W CH jpUk;gpagpd; GytH tho;f;ifapy; tre;jk;
tPrpaJ. Kd;ida tWik tho;f;ifiaAk; gpd;ida
tskhd tho;f;ifiaAk; xg;G Nehf;fpg; ghbaghly;. Gytiu kd;dd; eyk; tprhupj;jJ NghyTk; mjw;Fg; GytH tpil nrhy;tJNghYk; ghly;
mike;Js;sJ.
ntWw; ifAkmup jhk;fps;is
NrhUnkd; tPl;by; tUk;
vWk;Gf;Fk;
MHg;gj kpy;iy> Kd;
dhs;vd; ,Uq; fypahk;
FWk;igj;
jtpHj;j Fb
jhq;fpiar; nrd;W$bagpd;
njWk;Gw;
nfhs;ahid ftsk;
nfhs;shky; njtpl;baNj!
ghz;ba kd;dd;
gupR toq;fp Mjupg;gjw;F Kd;dhy; vd;Dila
tPl;by; ntWQ;NrhW $lg; ngWtJ fbdk;. fpspg;gps;isAk; grpg; gpzpahy; thbkpfTk; jsHtpid
milAk;. vdJnfhba tWikiag; Nghf;fpa kd;ddplk; Ngha;g; guprpy; ngw;W te;j gpd;dH nfhy;Yk;
nraypid cilj;jha GypiaAk; kpjpj;Jf; nfhy;yh epd;w ahidahdJ tha; nfhs;shky; fUk;Gf;fopfis
ckpo;e;J rpjwpaJ.
jdJ mDgtj;ij
ghlyhf tbj;J jdf;Fg; gpwF tUfpwj re;jjpdpaUk; gbj;J kfpOkhW gjpT nra;Jtpl;Lg;Nghd rj;jp
Kj;jg; GytUf;F epr;rak; ehk; ed;wp $wNtz;Lk;.
ehk;
epidg;gjw;F khwhf me;jf; fhyj;jpy; gQ;rKk; gl;bdpAk; gutyhf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. Md fhuzj;jhNyNa
GytHfSk; rhd;NwhHfSk;; tWikapd; nfhLikiar;
nrhy;yp mwk; nra;tij kpfTk; tw;GWj;jp ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.
""nfhbaJ
Nfl;fpd; neba ntt; NtNyha;
nfhbJ
nfhbJ tWik nfhbJ
mjdpYk; nfhbJ ,sikapy; tWik""
vd;W mt;itahH
ghbapUf;fpwhH. mjdhy; mtNu ""mwk; nra tpUk;G"" ""<jy;
mwk;""vdr;nrhy;fpwhH.
,ul;ilg;
Gytiug;gw;wpf; Nfs;tpg;gl;bUg;gPHfs;. %j;jtH KltH. ,isatH FUlH. ntz;ghtpy; %j;jtH Kjy;
,uz;L mbiaAk; ,isatH mLj;j ,uz;L mbiaAk; ghLtJ tof;fk;. fhQ;rpGuj;jpy;
gpwe;j ,tHfs; ftp ghLtjpy; ty;ytHfs;. Ie;EhW Mz;LfSf;F Kd; murhz;l guhf;fpuk ghz;bad;
fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jtHfs; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ. ,tHfisAk; grpg;gpzp tpl;lghby;iy.
""Njq;F
Gfo; Mq;$Hr; rptNd my; yhspag;gh>
ehq;fs;
grpj;jpUf;if QhaNkh? - Nghq;fhZk;
$W rq;F
Njhy;KuR nfhl;Nlhir my;yhky;
NrhWfz;l %spahH nfhy;.""
Gfo;kpf;f
jpUthq;$upy; vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; rptngUkhNd! ,utpYk; vq;fisg; ghJfhf;fpd;;w je;ijNa! ehq;fs;
czT ,y;yhJ thbapUg;gJ epahakhFkh? vd;W xUtH nrhy;y kw;wtH vy;yhuhYk; Nkyhfr;
nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w rq;F> giw> Ngupif> nfhl;L vd;gtw;wpd; xsp Kof;fk;
fhzg;gLtjy;yhky; ,q;Fg; gpurhjj;ijg; ghHj;j twpatHfs; ahH? xUtUk; ,y;iy.vdNt ePtpH Ngha;
thUk; vd;whH.
vy;yh czT
tiffSk; fz;Zf;F tpUe;jhf ,Ue;jJNghy ehf;fpw;F
eakhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. tpjp tpyf;fhf rpytifr; rhg;ghL ed;whf ,Ue;jJ. R+g; vg;NghJk; ed;whfNt ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; mJTk;
ehsiltpy; ntWj;Jg; Ngha;tpl;lJ.
ey;y ghy; Njj;jzp Fbf;fyhk; vd;why; mtHfs; gupkhwpa ghy; gRg;ghyhf
,Uf;ftpy;iy. Gl;bg;ghiy fiuj;J itj;jpUe;jhHfs; Nghy; njupe;jJ. Mdhy; me;jg; ghiyAk;
Nfhg;gpiaAk; fye;J Fbj;jhy; XusT gUthapy;iy vd;W nrhy;Ykstpw;F ,Ue;jJ.
xUthW czit
Kbj;Jf; nfhz;L tpLjpf;Fj; jpUk;gpNdhk;. ey;y fhw;Nwhl;lkhd miw. FspH rhjd trjp ,Ue;jJ.
gLf;if tpupg;G> Jtha; vy;yhk; gL Rj;jk;. Fspg;gjw;F ey;y njhl;b. RL ePUk; ,Ue;jJ.
njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;b ,Ue;jJ. mjpfkhf mnkupf;f xspgug;igj;jhd; ghHf;f Kbe;jJ. ntspAyfj;
njhlHG Kw;whf Jz;bf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; rpvd;vd; xspgug;G ifnfhLj;jJ.
cs;@upy; vd;d
elf;fpwnjd;gNj njupatpy;iy. nra;jpj;jhs;fs;
,Rg;ghdpa nkhopapy; kl;Lk; ntsptUtjhy; mtw;iw gbf;f Kbatpy;iy. ehq;fs; mq;F epd;w
nghOJjhd; nfhd;ryh]; vd;w rpWtdJ je;ijahUf;Fk; kpahkpapy; cs;s me;jf; Foe;ijapd; jha;top
cwtpdHfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;fhly; ele;J nfhz;bUe;jJ.
vapyPd;
nfhd;ryhir mnkupf;fh fpA+ghTf;F mDg;gp itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfhup jiyefH`thdhtpy;
MHg;ghl;lq;fs; xt;nthU ehSk; ele;J nfhz;bUe;jd. Mdhy; Gd;wuPdh N`hl;lypy; ,Ue;j fpA+gh
ehl;L CopaHfs; mijg;gw;wp ve;j mf;fiwiaAk; fhl;ltpy;iy.
gLf;if
tpupg;Gf;fis xt;nthU ehSk; khw;WfpwhHfs;. Jthia gwit khjpup kbj;J fl;bypy; itf;fpwhHfs;.
xU ehisf;F fpspapd; cUtk;. kWehs; Gwh. ,g;gb xt;nthUehSk; xt;nthU gwit.
,J
Rw;Wyhtpfisj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;j rpd;dr; rpd;d nray;fspy; vy;yhk; mthfs; vLj;j mf;fiwiaf;
fhl;baJ.
fpA+gh xU nghJTlik ehnld;wgbahy; mq;F Ml;rpj; jiytH gply; f];Nwhtpd; glq;fs;> fl; mTl;Lfs; n[ayypjh ghzpapy; epiwa itj;jpUg;ghHfs; vd;W epidj;Njd;. Mdhy;kUe;Jf;Ff; $l f];Nwhtpd; glq;fis me;j N`hl;lypy; kl;Lky;y NtW ,lq;fspYk; ghHf;f Kbatpy;iy. kpf mUikahfNt mit fz;Zf;Fg; gl;ld. khwhf NrFthuhtpd; glq;fs;> cUtr; rpiyfs;> mtH vOjpa Gj;jfq;fs; filfspy; tpw;gidf;F ,Ue;jd.
Mq;fhq;Nf kjpy;
RtHfspy; mupths; rk;kl;b cUtq;fis ngupjhf rptj;j epwj;jpy; vOjp itj;jpUg;ghHfs; vd;W
vjpHghHj;jhy; mtw;iwAk; fhNzhk;. rpy Kf;fpa re;jpfspy; kl;Lk; ePz;l Rtupy;
""fpA+gd; Gul;rp tho;f!"" vd;W ,Rghdpa nkhopapy; ngupjhff; fz;Zf;F
gspr;rpLkhW vOjp itj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.
RUf;fkhfr;
nrhd;dhy; fpA+gh xU nghJTlik ehnld;gjw;F tYthd Gwr; rhd;Wfs; vJTk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
jiyefH
`thdhtpy; kpfg; ngupa Gul;rpr; rJf;fk; xd;iw cUthf;fp ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. mq;F kl;Lk; fhHy;
khHf;];> nydpd; cUtr; rpiyfSk;> gpukhz;lkhd mupths; rk;kl;bAk; epWtp ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.
fle;j Gjd;fpoik xU Kf;fpa murpay; jiytH fpA+ghtpy; fhy; gjpj;jpUf;fpwhH. NtW ahUky;y. cUrpa ehl;L rdhjpgjp tpsbkPH Gl;bd;(Vladimir Putin) jhd; me;jg; gpuKfH.
Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; Fiye;jgpd;dH fpA+ghtpw;Fk; - cUrpahtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Ue;j murpay;> ,uh[je;jpu> nghUshjhu cwTfs; mw;Wg; Ngha;tpl;ld. gjpndhU Mz;L ,ilntspf;Fg; gpd; ,g;NghJjhd; cUrpa rdhjpgjp xUtH fpA+ghtpw;F cj;jpNahfG+Ht nryit Nkw;nfhz;bUf;fpwhH.
,jw;F Kd;dH
1989k; Mz;L rdhjpgjp NfhHgnrt; fpA+ghtpw;F tUif je;jpUe;jhH. mjd;gpd; fpA+ghtpw;F fhyb
vLj;J itj;j cUrpa rdhjpgjp Gl;bd;jhd;.
fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
xU
gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......
fPupkiyj;
jPHj;jf; fiuNghy; miy NkhJk; Gd;uwPdh flw;fiu!
(22 )
Gl;bNdhL cUrpa ehl;L ghJfhg;G mikr;rH ,NfhH nrHnfnat; (Igor Sergeyev) kw;Wk; ntspAwT mikr;rH ,NfhH Itndht; (Igor Ivanov) te;jpUe;jhHfs;. mtH `thdh Ngha; ,wq;fpa NghJ mtUf;F nrq;fk;gs tuNtw;Gf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. tpkhd epiyaj;jpy; fpA+gh rdhjpgjp gply; f];Nwh> mtUila cld;gpwg;Gk; ghJfhg;G mikr;rUkhd whTy; f];Nwh (Raul Castro) fpA+gh ntspAwT mikr;rH gpypg;Ng Ngu]; Nwhf; (Philippe Perez Roque) Gl;bid if FYf;fp tuNtw;whHfs;.
,Ue;Jk; Kd;ndhU fhyj;jpy; Nrhtpaj; mjpgH gpw];ndTf;Ff; ( Brezhnev) nfhLf;fg;gl;ltuNtw;NghL xg;gpLk;NghJ Gl;bDf;Ff; nfhLj;j tuNtw;G rhjhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. gpw];ndt; te;j NghJ nrq;nfhb jhq;fpa fpA+gh ehl;L kf;fs; Mapuf; fzf;fpy; tPjpapd; ,UGwKk; epd;W tho;j;njhyp vOg;gp tuNtw;wpUe;jhHfs;.
Gl;bdpd; tUifia
Kd;dpl;L Vw;fdNt `thdhtpy; cs;s fhHy; khHf;];> nydpy; rpiyfisr; Rw;wp tsHe;Js;s Gy;
G+Lfis mfw;wp Rj;jk; nra;J tpl;lhHfs;.
ehY ehs; nryit
Nkw;nfhz;bUf;Fk; rdhjpgjp Gl;bd; gu];gu
nghUshjhu> thzpf xg;ge;jq;fis fpA+ghNthL vOjpf; nfhz;lhH.
mnkupf;fhtpy;
,Ue;J RkhH 150 fp.kP. Jhuj;jpy; ,Ue;j fpA+gh gdpg;NghH fhyj;jpy; fpwk;ypDf;F tpiy kjpf;f
Kbahj NghHj;jpw Kf;fpaj;Jtk; epiwe;j ehlhf ,Ue;jJ.
1962k; Mz;L cUrpaj; jiytH epf;fpl;uh FUNrt; (Nikita Kuruchev ) fpA+ghtpy; mZthAj VTfizfis epWtg; Ngha; mnkupf;fhTld; xU mZthAj Aj;jj;jpy; ,wq;ff;$ba mghak; vOe;jJ. mg;NghJ mnkupf;f rdhjpgjpahf Nahd; vt; nfdb (John F.Kennedy) ,Ue;jhH. mtH cUrpah mZthAj VTfizfisj; jpUg;gpg; ngwNtz;Lk; my;yJ cUrpa Aj;jf; fg;gy;fs; %o;fbf;fg;gLk; vd;W nrhy;yp mjw;fhd fhyf; nfLTk; tpjpj;jhH.
,uz;L
ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ePbj;j tha;g; NghUf;Fg;
gpd;dH mZthAj VTfizfis Vw;wp te;jnfhz;bUe;j cUrpaf; fg;gy;fs; eLtopapy; Gwg;gl;l ,lj;Jf;Nf
jpUk;gpg; gazk; nra;a Muk;gpj;jd. cyfk; ,uz;L ty;yuR ehLfSf;F ,ilapy; eilngw ,Ue;j xU
mZthAj Aj;jj;jpd; tpopk;gpy; ,Ue;J jg;gpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
nghUshjhuj;Jiwapy;
mnkupf;fh> cUrpah ,oe;j tha;g;Gf;fis
INuhg;gh> fdlh> njd;dnkupf;f ehLfs; epug;gpf; nfhz;ld. ,e;j ehLfs; RkhH 370 njhopw;
jpl;lq;fspy; fpA+ghtpy; KjyPL nra;Js;sd.
mnkupf;fh fpA+gh kPJ tpjpj;Js;s nghUshjhuj; jil fhuzkhf mnkupf;f njhopy; epWtdq;fs;
fpA+ghtpy; thzpfk; nra;a Kbahky; Gwk; js;sg;gl;L tpl;lJ njupe;jNj.
mjw;F Nkyhf fpA+ghit gaq;fu ehLfspd; gl;baypy; mnkupf;fh itj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
fdlh vg;NghJk;
mnkupf;fhtpd; thiyg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L njhq;FtJ njupe;jNj. ,jw;FtYthd fhuzk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
fdlhtpd; Vw;Wkjpapy; 75 tpOf;fhL mnkupf;fh ehl;NlhLjhd; ,lk; ngWfpwJ. vdNt mnkupf;fh
Jk;kpdhy; fdlhtpw;F rsp gpbj;J tpLk; vd;W nrhy;Ykstpw;F fdlhtpd; nghUshjhuk; mnkupf;fhtpd;
nghUshjhuj;NjhL gpizf;fg; gl;bUf;fpwJ.
(,g;NghJ mnkupf;fhtpd; nghUshjhuk; gj;jhz;Lfhy njhlHr;rpahd tsHr;rpf;Fg; gpd; nky;yg; Nghf Muk;gpj;Js;sJ. ,e;j ke;jg;Nghf;fpdhy; fNdba nghUshjhu tsHr;rp kl;Lky;y INuha;gpa xd;wpa ehLfspd; nghUshjhu tsHr;rpAk; ghjpf;fg; glyhk; vd;w mr;rk; jiyJhf;fpAs;sJ.)
mg;gb ,Ue;Jk;
fdlh ""gaq;futhj ehlhd"" fpA+ghNthL nghUshjhu> ,uh[je;jpu cwTfis
itj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. `thdhtpy; fdlhtpd; Nkgps; Njrpaf; nfhb fk;gj;jpy; Mb mire;J gwe;J
nfhz;bUg;gij mq;F NghdNghJ fz;Nld;.
tp.Gypfis Mjupf;fpw rpy mikg;Gf;fis mnkupf;fh tp. Gypfspd; Kd;dzp mikg;Gf;fs; (Front Organizations) vd;W Kj;jpiu Fj;JfpwJ. ,t;tstpw;Fk; tp.Gypfs; mnkupf;fhNthL ve;jr; Nrhypf;Fk; NghdJ fpilahJ. mnkupf;f tpkhdq;fisNah> fg;gy;fisNah jfHj;jJ fpilahJ. tp.GypfsJ NghH =yq;fhtpd; ,dthj mlf;F Kiwf;F vjpuhdJ. Nkw;Fyf ehLfSf;F vjpuhd Nghuy;y. mjdhy;jhd; mnkupf;fh> fdlh> gpupj;jhdpah> ,];Nuy;> cUrpah Nghd;w ehLfs; =yq;fhtpw;F MAjq;fisAk;> NghHf;fg;gy;fisAk;> Fz;L tPr;R tpkhdq;fis tpw;whYk;> MAjg; gapw;rp mspj;jhYk; mijg; ghHj;Jf; nfhz;L ,Uf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
epahakhfg;
ghHf;fg; Nghdhy;> jHf;fuPjpahfg; ghHf;fg; Nghdhy; fpA+gh ehl;NlhL thzpf> murpay;>
,uhrje;jpu cwTfis itj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;s fdlhit fpA+gh ehl;bd; Kd;dzp ehnld mnkupf;fh gpufldg;
gLj;jg; gl Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; mnkupf;fh mg;gbr; nra;atpy;iy. ehia eha; rhg;gplhJ vd;gJjhd;
fhuzkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
tp.GypfisAk;> tp.Gypfis Mjupf;fpw mikg;GfisAk; gaq;futhjpfshfr; rpj;jupg;gjpy; kfpo;r;rp fhZk; e\;dy; Ngh];l; (National Post) nra;jpj;jhs; $l fdlh fpA+ghtpd; Kd;dzp ehnldj; jpl;Ltjpy;iy!
,jpypUe;J njuptJ vd;dntd;why; murpay; Nfhl;ghLfis my;yJ rpj;jhe;jq;fis tpl nghUshjhu tzpf eyd;fs; xU ehl;Lf;F Kf;fpakhfg; gLfpd;wd.
jkpoPoj;jpy;
vz;nza; tsk; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; mnkupf;fh jhdhfNt Kd;te;J me;j ehl;il jkpoHfSf;F ,j;jWjp
gpupj;Jf; nfhLj;jpUf;Fk;.
FNtj; ehl;bd;
kPJ ,uhf; gilnaLj;jNghJ nfhLf;if tupe;J fl;bf; nfhz;L mnkupf;fh> gpupj;jhdpah>
fdlh> gpuhd;]; ehLfs; ,uhf; ehl;il jhf;fpd. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; FNtj; ehl;bd; ,iwik my;yJ
rdehafk; fhg;ghw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w mf;fiway;y. me;j ehl;bd; vz;nza; tsk; Nkw;Fyf
ehLfSf;F> Fwpg;ghf mnkupf;fhtpw;F vjpuhd xU ehl;bd; ifapy; rpf;fptplf; $lhJ vd;w gaNk
fhuzkhFk;.
md;iwa mnkupf;f rdhjpgjp NahH[; G\; kpfg; gfpuq;fkhfTk; Jzpr;ryhfTk; nrhd;dhH ""mnkupf;fh vz;nza; tUk; flw; ghijiaj; jpwe;J itj;jpUf;f tpUk;GfpwJ"" (America wants to keep the sea lanes free for the flow of oil).
fly; miy kPNj
fpA+gh nrd;w
Gl;bd; me;j ehl;bd; fhw;iwAk;> nta;apiyAk;> fzfzg;ghd fhy epiyiaAk; mDgtpf;fhky; ehL
jpUk;Gthuh?
ehq;fs; Ngha;
epd;w mNj Gfo; ngw;w tuNlNuhtpy; ,uz;L ehl;fs; (nts;sp> rdp) Xa;ntLj;jhH. cUrpahtpd; Kd;dhs; jiyefukhd nkh];ftpy; ,g;NghJ
ntl;gepiy G+r;rpaj;Jf;Ff; fPNo 15 nry;rpa];! tuNlNuhtpy; ntl;g epiy ,g;NghJ G+r;rpaj;Jf;F
NkNy 25 nry;rpa];. mg;Gwk; Gl;bd; ,e;j tha;g;ig tpLthuh vd;d? fpA+gh nryit Kbj;Jf; nfhz;L
Gl;bd; nrd;w QhapW fdlh te;J NrHe;jhH.
Gd;uwPdh N`hl;ly; CopaHfs; vy;NyhUk; md;ghfTk; thQ;irNahLk; goFfpwhHfs;. Gjpjhfg; Ngha; ,wq;Ffpw Rw;Wyhtpfis ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F jdpj;jdp gza KftHfs; epakpf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. xNu Neuj;jpy; 30 my;yJ 40 Rw;Wyhtpfis mtHfs; nghWg;Ngw;W mtHfsJ cs;@H gaz xOq;Ffisf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhHfs;. fpA+ghtpy; Rw;wpg; ghHf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ,lq;fs;gw;wpAk; tpsf;fk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gbg; nghWg;
NgHg;gtHfs; Rw;Wyh Kbe;J tpkhd epiyaj;Jf;F Ng&e;J Gwg;gL kl;Lk; Rw;Wyhtpfis kpff;
ftdkhff; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhHfs;. ngz;fshf ,Ue;jhy; ""kPz;Lk; tUf""
vd;W nrhy;yp Kj;jq;fs;$l nfhLj;J top mDg;gp itf;fpwhHfs;.
vq;fisf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;ltH ghHgNlh]; ehl;Lf;fhuH. Alba Tours vd;w epWtdk; mtiug; gzpapy; mkHj;jp itj;jpUf;fpwJ. mtUf;Fk; ehq;fs; jq;fpapUe;j Gd;uwPdh N`hl;lYf;Fk; rk;ge;jkpy;iy. mtiu ,uT gfy; ve;j NeuKk; fz;L Ngryhk;. gzp Kbe;jTld; mtH gzpahw;Wk; epWtdj;Jf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd thfdj;jpy; jdJ tPl;Lf;Fg; Ngha;tpl;L kWehs; fhiy gzpf;Fj; jpUk;GfpwhH. thfdk; fpilf;fh tpl;lhy; thlif tz;b itj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhH. thuj;jpy; xU ehs; kl;Lk; Xa;ntLf;fyhk;.
fhiyapy;
vy;NyhUk; flw;fiuf;F rhiu rhiuahfg; gilnaLf;fpwhHfs;. flw;fiuia Rj;jkhf itj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.
,utpy; fiuapy; milAk; rhjhisia ms;sp xJf;Fg; Gwkhf Nghl;L tpLfpwhHfs;. kziy coTtz;b nfhz;L
rkg;gLj;jp tpLfpwhHfs;.
flypy; ,wq;fp
,uz;nlhU ehs; Fspj;Njd;. Mr;rupag;gLk; tpjj;jpy; me;jj; jz;zPH ifg;ghf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,e;jf;
fly; jz;zPUf;Fk; fPupkiy> nfhOk;Gj;Jiw> ghrpf;Flh fly;
jz;zPUf;Fk; epiwa tpj;jpahrk; ,Ue;jJ.
fhiy njhlq;fp khiytiu
Gd;uwPdh flw;fiu fPupkiy jPHj;jf;fiu khjpup miy NkhJk;. ntt;NtW ehl;Lf;fhuHfs;> ntt;NtW
epwj;jpy;> ntt;NtW cauj;jpy;> gUkdpy; fhzg;gl;lhHfs;. (tsUk;)
fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
xU
gUe;jpd; epoypy;!
Gd;uwPdh G+Nyhf
nrhHf;fk;!
(23 )
ef;fPud;
Mz;fisg;
nghWj;jstpy; fhy;rl;il> rl;il mtHfsJ cz;ikahd Njhw;wj;ij %b kiwj;JtpLfpwJ. mitapy;yhky;
Jz;Lj; JzpNahL ghHf;Fk;NghJ gyH myq;Nfhykhff; fhzg;gl;lhHfs;. tz;b njhe;jp ,y;yhjtHfisg; ghHf;fNt Kbatpy;iy.
eLj;ju taJf;fhuHfsJ tapW$l ngupa ghidasT
,Ue;jJ. mtHfisg; ghHj;jNghJ ""njhe;jpf; fzgjpf;F tz;b ngUj;j tpjk; vd;Nd
vd;Nd"" vd;w ghly; kdjpy; Njhd;wpaJ.
nghJthfNt gyH ehshe;jk; clw;gapw;rp nra;Ak; gof;fk; ,y;yhjjhy; ngupa tz;b njhe;jpNahL fhl;rp mspf;fpwhHfs;. czTf; fl;Lg;ghL filg; gpbf;fg; glhjJ ,e;j tz;b njhe;jpf;F ,d;ndhU fhuzp.
Gd;uwPdh flw;fiu
flw;fiuapy;
rpd;df; Foe;ijfs; kz; tPL fl;b tpisahbdhHfs;. vdJ NguDf;F jiyfhy; njupahj kfpo;r;rp. kz;iz
ms;Stjw;Fk; mijg; NghLtjw;Fk; cupa mfg;ig> thsp ,tw;iw Gwg;gL Kd;dNu Kd;ndr;rupifahf
jd;NdhL vLj;J te;J tpl;lhH. flw;fiuia tpl;L Mis miwf;Ff; $l;bg; Nghfg; glhjghL gl
Ntz;bapUe;jJ. vq;fistpl mtHjhd; fpA+ghtpd;
,jkhd fhw;iwAk;> flw;fiuiaAk;> jz;zPiuAk; jhuhskhf mDgtpj;jhH.
fdlhtpy; gdp
fhyj;jpy; ve;NeuKk; tPl;Lf;Fs; rpiwf; ifjpahf ,Ue;j mtUf;F Gd;uwPdh G+Nyhf nrhHf;fkhf
,Ue;jjpy; tpag;NgJk; ,y;iy.
ehq;fs; mq;F
epd;w ehl;fspy; (2000k; Mz;L rpj;jpiu khjk;) ntg;gepiy ruhrup 25 ghif nry;rpa]; MfapUe;jJ.
,e;j ,lj;jpy; fpA+gh ehl;bd; fhyepiy gw;wpa juTfisj; juyhk; vd epidf;fpNwd;.
ij> khrp - 22 ghif
gq;Fdp - 23 ghif
rpj;jpiu - 25 ghif
itfhrp - 26 ghif
Mdp - 27 ghif
Mb -
28 ghif
Mtzp - 29 ghif
Gul;lhjp - 28 ghif
Ig;grp - 26 ghif
fhHj;jpif - 24 ghif
khHfop - 22 ghif
tuz;l fhyk; - fhHj;jpif
njhlf;fk; rpj;jpiu kl;Lk;
kio fhyk; - itfhrp
njhlf;fk; Ig;grp kl;Lk;
 |
fpA+gh ehl;bd;
kf;fs; njhif> epyg;gug;G ,itgw;wp Kd;dNu nrhy;ypapUf;fpNwd;. mjid kPz;Lk; xU Kiw
Qhgfg;gLj;j tpUk;GfpNwd;.
kf;fs; njhif -
11>141> 997 ,yl;rk; (2000k; Mz;L kjpg;gPL) (,yq;if 190 ,yl;rk;)
,dq;fs; - fyg;gpdk; 51 tpOf;fhL ( Mulatto 51 %)
-
nts;isaH
37 tpOf;fhL
-
fUg;gH
11 tpOf;fhL
-
rPdH
1 tpOf;fhL
epyg;gug;G - 110>922 rJu fp.kP. ( 43>000 rJu iky; ) ,yq;if 65>610 rJu fp.kP. (25>332 r.iky;)
cj;jpNahf nkhop - ,Rg;gdPah
jiyefuk; - `thdh
rkak; - fj;Njhypf;fk; (85 tpOf;fhL)
Njrpa tUkhdk;
jiyf;F - 1260 m.
nlhyHfs; (,yq;if 750 m.nlhyHfs;)
ruhrup MAs; - 76.21 Mz;Lfs;
Gd;uwPdh
flw;fiuNahukhf Vuhskhd rq;F> Nrhfpfs; ntt;NtW epwj;jpy;> ntt;NtW tbtpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; fPupkiyf; flw;fiuapy; fpilf;Fk; rq;F Nrhfpapd; mstpYk; tbtpYk; ,q;F
fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,Ue;Jk; Qhgfj;Jf;fhff;
nfhQ;rk; nghWf;fp vLj;Jf; nfhz;Nlhk;.
flw;fiuapy;
itf;fg; gl;bUe;j rpd;dg; glFfspy; Vwp nfhQ;rj; Jhuk; jz;bdhy; typj;Jf; nfhz;L Ngha;tuyhk;.
rpy glFfSf;Fg; ghAk; ,Ue;jJ.
xU Rje;jpu
jkpoPoj;jpy; fPupkiy> jpUtbepiy> ghrpf;Flh> jpUNfhzkiy>
epyhntsp Nghd;w flw;fiufs; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfisf; ftHtjw;F Vw;w ,lq;fshFk;. ,e;j ,lq;fs; etPd
kag;gLj;jg;gl;L midj;Jyf juhjuj;Jf;F caHj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. jkpoPo Rw;Wyh mikr;R mjw;fhd cupa eltbf;iffis vLf;Fk; vd
epidf;fpNwd;.
xt;nthU ehSk;
khiyapy; N`hl;ly; tshfj;jpy; ,Ue;j jpwe;j
ntsp muq;fpy; VjhtnjhU rpwg;G epfo;r;rp ,lk;
ngWk;. xU ehs; xU ke;jpuf; fhl;rpf;F eilngWk; vd;W mwptpj;jhHfs;. Mdhy; khiyapy; ,b
kpd;dNyhL kio nga;jjhy; me;j epfo;r;rpia ,y;yj;Jr; nra;J tpl;lhHfs;.
,d;ndhU ehs; ,uT rhg;ghl;bw;Fg; gpd;dH fpA+gh ehl;L Njrpa eldk; ,lk;ngw;wJ. gj;J Mz;fs;> gj;Jg; ngz;fs; kpff; ftHr;rpahd cilapy; eldkhbdhHfs;. eldj;Jf;fhd ghly;fs; ,Rg;ghdpa nkhopapy; ,Ue;jd. nfhQ;rKk; mYg;Gj; jl;lhky; ntt;NtW cilapy; gl;lhk; G+r;rpfs; khjpupj; Njhd;wp gk;guk;Nghy; Mb mitNahiu kfpo;tpj;jhHfs;. xyp> xsp mikg;G vy;yhk; kpfTk; rpwg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. epfo;r;rp njhlq;F Kd;dH xyp> xsp rupahf ,Uf;fpwjh vd;gij fz;lwpa RkhH xU kzp Neuj;ij nrytopj;jhHfs;.
,e;j eldf; FOTf;F
,ytr ciwtpl> czT trjpfs; Gd;uwPdh N`hl;ly;
epHthfj;jhy; nra;J nfhLf;fg; gLfpwJ. thuk; xU ehs; Xa;T vLf;fyhk;. ,uT eldj;Jf;F gfypy;
mt;tg;NghJ xj;jpifia itj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhHfs;.
,tHfsJ Cjpak;
vt;tsT vd;W njupAkh? khjk; 250 ngNrh kl;LNk. mjhtJ fNdba ehzaj;jpy; RkhH 12 nlhyHfs;!
(cj;jpNahfG+Htkhf xU ngNrh xU mnkupf;f nlhyUf;F rkkhFk;. Mdhy; ,Ul;Lr; re;ijapy; mjd;
ngWkjp kpff; FiwT. Rw;Wyhtpfisg; nghWj;j kl;by; vy;yhf; nfhLg;gdT nfhs;tdT mnkupf;f
nlhyHfspy; ,Ug;gjhy; ngNrh ehzaj;jpd; ngWkjpgw;wpf; ftiyg; glj; Njitapy;iy)
vy;yh N`hl;ly;
CopaHfsJ Cjpak; ruhrup ,g;gbj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; mtHfSf;F epiwa md;gspg;Gf; fpilf;fpwJ.
,jw;fhfNt epiwa xU nlhyH mnkupf;f jhs;fisf; nfhz;L NghapUe;Njhk;.
Vida Jiw CopaHfistpl ,g;gb Rw;Wyh N`hl;lypy; Copak; nra;gtHfs; mjpl;ljhupfs;. ,tHfsJ khj Cjpak; xU lhf;lUila rk;gsj;ij jhz;b tpLtjhfr; nrhy;fpwhHfs;. lhf;lUila Cjpak;? khjk; 35 mnkupf;f nlhyHfs; kl;LNk!
vq;fsJ miwia
Rj;jk; nra;gtH kpfTk; mikjpahd ngz;. eLj;ju taJ. ngaH khwpah. ,Rg;ghdpa ,dj;jtH. fz;lhy;
ey;ynjhU Gd;difia cjpHg;ghH. Mdhy; mtUf;F Mq;fpyk; rupahfg; Ngr tuhJ. mjdhy; mtUld;
"Fl; NkhHdpq;" "jq;fpA+" "Na];"
"Neh" vd;gjw;F Nky; Ngr Kbatpy;iy.
Gwg;gL Kd;
md;gspg;ghff; nfhLg;gjw;F fpA+ghtpy; jl;Lg;ghlhd nghUl;fs; rpytw;iw thq;fpf; nfhz;L
NghapUe;Njhk;. gdNlhy;> Nrhg;> gw;gir> epwg;
ngd;rpy;> nfhg;gp> rg;ghj;J> nrUg;G> fUg;Gf; fz;zhb> gioa Mdhy; ey;y
cLg;Gf;fs; ,tw;iwf; nfhLj;jhy; fpA+ghdpaH ed;wpNahL
thq;fpf; nfhs;fpwhHfs;.
jdpg;gl;ltHfs; xU
nghJ ,lj;jpy; mq;fhbfs; itj;J fiyg; nghUl;fis
tpw;fpwhHfs;. ngUk;ghYk; kuj;jpdhy; nra;j G+HtPf Fbkf;fsJ cUtr; rpiyfisNa tpw;gidf;F
itj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. Ml;Lj; Njhypy; nra;j Nksq;fs;
jdpj;jdpahfTk;> NrhbahfTk; itj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. mij mbg;gjw;F ,uz;L Fr;Rfis ifNahL itj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. ,ij thq;FgtHfs;
Ehw;Wf;F EhW tpOf;fhL Rw;WyhtpfNs.
Kjypy;
nghUl;fSf;F ,uz;L klq;F tpiy nrhy;thHfs;. mjpy; ghjp tpiy Nfl;lhy; kfpo;r;rpahff; nfhLj;J
tpLthHfs;. ehd; nrhd;d tpiyiaNa nfhLj;J tpLNtd;. mtHfsplk; Nguk; NgRtJ fQ;rj;jdk; vd;gJ
vd; epiyg;ghL.
,Nj nghUl;fs; Rw;WyhtpfSf;nfd fl;lg;gl;l ftHr;rpfukhd
mq;fhbfspYk; (Tourist Shops) tpw;gidf;F itj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. Mdhy; tpiy ,uz;L
my;yJ %d;W gq;F mjpfk;. (tsUk;)
fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
xU
gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......
Mz;nlhd;Wf;F ,UgJ ,yl;rk; Rw;Wyhg;
gazpfs;!
(24 )
fpA+ghtpy; tuNlNuhtpy; kl;LNk gzk; gilj;jtHfs; Nfhy;t; (Golf ) tpisahLtjw;F cupa ngupa jply; (an 18 –hole, par-72 championship course) ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j ikjhdj;ij cUthf;fpa fl;blf; fiyQH ngaH ny]; NtgH (Les Furber). ,ijtpl ]dhL (Xanadu) Nghd;w ngupa mnkupf;f Kjyhspfshy; 20fspYk; 30fspYk;fl;ba tPLfs; ,g;NghJ Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; jq;Fk; tpLjpfshf khw;wg;gl;Ls;sd.
kpfTk; gpugy;akhd mnkupf;f Ntjpapay; njhopy; mjpguhd my;gpul; L nghd;w; ( Alfred Du Pont) fpA+ghtpy; tpLKiwiaf; fopf;f 1926k; Mz;L fl;ba khspif jw;NghJ Restaurante Las Americas) vd;w cztfkhf khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Gd;uwPdh N`hl;lypy; ,Ue;J RkhH 3 fp.kP. Jhuj;jpy; flw;fiuNahukhf ,J ,Uf;fpwJ.
Casa de Al) vd;w ,d;ndhU cztfk; xU fhyj;jpy; Al Capone vd;w rpfhNfh nfhs;isf; $l;lj; jiytDf;Fr; nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;jJ.
fpA+ghtpw;F Mz;bw;F 20 ,yl;rk; Rw;Wyhtpfs; tUfpwhHfs;. =yq;fhNthL xg;gpLk;NghJ ,e;j vz;zpf;if Ie;J klq;fhFk;. ,e;jj; njhif Mz;L NjhWk; 12 tpOf;fhlhf mjpfupj;j tz;zk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
vdNt Rw;Wyhtpfis
ftHe;J ,Og;gjw;F fpA+ghtpd; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw
kpFe;j mf;fiw fhl;LfpwJ. Rw;Wyhtpfs; vijnaij
tpUk;GfpwhHfNsh my;yJ vjpHghHf;fpwhHfNsh mtw;iw vy;yhk; Kbe;j kl;Lk; epiwNtw;wp itf;f
Rw;Wyhj;Jiw ngUk; Kaw;rp vLf;fpd;wJ.
tl-mnkupf;fh>
INuhg;gh Nghd;w ehl;L Rw;Wyhg; gazpfisf;
ftHtjw;F fpA+gh Nghd;Nw fupgpad; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s Vida ehLfSk; ngUk; Kaw;rp vLf;fpd;wd. vdNt
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis ,Og;gjpy; ,e;j ehLfSf;fpilNa gyj;j Nghl;b epyTfpd;wJ.
,g;gb fpA+ghNthL Nghl;bNghLk; ehLfspd; gl;baypy; gfhkh];> ghHgNlh];> fpNwdlh> nrd;l; fpl;]; (St.Kitts) [Nkf;fh> nrd;l; Yhrpah (St.Lucia) nlhkpdpf;fd; FbauR Nghd;w ehLfs; mlf;fkhFk;.
fupgpad; ehLfspd; nghUshjhuk; KOf;f KOf;f Rw;Wyhj;JiwiaNa ek;gpapUf;fpwJ vd;W nrhd;dhy; mJ nfhQ;rKk; kpifahfhJ.
tuNlNuhtpy; ntt;NtW N`hl;ly;fspy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; Rw;Wyhtpfis fl;Lkuq;fspy; Vw;wpr; nrd;W ,d;ndhU jPtpw;F mioj;Jr; nry;fpwhHfs;. mq;F flw;gd;wpfNshL (Dolphins) ePe;jp tpisahlyhk;. kjpa czNthL KOjhf mtpf;fg;gl;l rpq;fwhy; gupkhwg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jg; gazj;Jf;F czT> ghdq;fs; cl;gl 70 nlhyHfs; ( nlhyHfs; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtJ mnkupf;f nlhyHfis) fl;lzkhf mwtplg;gLfpwJ.
Mo;flypy;
glFfspy; Ngha; kPd;gpbf;fTk; xOq;F nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; mjw;Fupa fl;lzk; 700 nlhyHfs;.
ehq;fs;
jq;fpapUe;j Gd;uwPdh N`hl;lYf;F mUfpy; flYf;F Clhf RkhH 200 kPl;lH ePsKs;s ghyk;
fl;bapUf;fpwhHfs;.
,q;F ,uthdJk;
xt;nthU ehSk; ,uz;LNgH Jhz;by; Nghl;L kPd;gpbf;f jtwhJ tUfpwhHfs;. ,e;j ,uz;L Ngupy; xUtH
jfg;gd; kw;wtH mtuJ kfd;. ,uT KOJk; fz;tpopj;J mLj;j ehs; tpb fhiyf;fpilapy; ruhrup 3
my;yJ 4 ngupa kPd;fisg; gpbj;J tpLfpwhHfs;.
ehq;fs; ,Ue;j
gf;fk; fpA+gh Fbkf;fs; rhjhuzkhf te;J Nghf KbahJ. mjdhy; ,e;j ,uz;LNgUk; ghyj;Jf;F vjpHg;gf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,d;ndhU ghyj;jpd;
KidapypUe;J fly; topahf ePe;jp ,e;jg; gf;fk; te;J NrUfpwhHfs;.
jq;fs; czTf;F
,uz;nlhU kPd;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L kpFjpia mayl;ilapy; cs;stHfSf;F tpw;W tpLtjhfr;
nrhd;dhHfs;. ,jdhy; mtHfSf;F ehnshd;Wf;F vt;tsT gzk; fpilf;Fk; vd;W Nfl;ljw;F ruhrup 10
nlhyH tUkhdk; tUk; vdr; nrhd;dhHfs;.
xU lhf;lupd;
khjr; rk;gsk; 35 nlhyuhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ ,e;j je;ijAk; kfDk; ehnshd;Wf;F 10 nlhyHfs;
rk;ghjpf;fpwhHfs; vd;gij ek;g Kbahky; ,Ue;jJ. mtHfs; fpA+ghtpd; ngNrh ehzaj;ijNa thq;fTk; tpw;fTk; gad;gLj;JfpwhHfs;. vdNt ngNrhit nlhyUf;F
khw;Wtjpy; mtHfs; gpiotpLfpwhHfs; vd ehq;fs; Cfpj;Njhk;.
mtHfSf;F ehq;fs;
nfhz;LNghd gw;gir> Nrhg; Nghd;w rpd;dr; rpd;d nghUl;fis md;gspg;ghff; nfhLj;Njhk;.
mtHfSf;F nkj;j kfpo;r;rp. jq;fSf;Fj; njupe;j Mq;fpyj;jpy; ed;wp nrhd;dhHfs;.
fpA+ghtpd;
nghUshjhuk; kpfTk; tPo;r;rpaile;J fplg;gijapl;L NknyOe;j thupahfKd;dH vOjpapUf;fpNwd;.
1990k; Mz;L Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaj;jpd;
FiyTf;Fg;gpd; fpA+ghtpd; nghUshjhuk; Kff; Fg;Gw tpOe;jnjd;Nw nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. 1989k;
Mz;NlhL xg;gpLifapy; fpA+ghtpd; 1994k; Mz;L cw;gj;jp ghjpahff; Fiwe;J tp;l;lJ. ,jdhy;
,wf;Fkjp ntFthff; Fiwe;jJ. czT> kpd;rhuk;> ve;jpuq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd cjpupg;ghfq;fs; ,tw;Wf;F jl;Lg;ghL Vw;gl;ld.
kf;fs;
kfp*He;Jfis iftpl;L tpl;L Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F Jtpr;rf;fu tz;bfs;> Fjpiu tz;bfs; gad;gLj;jg;
gl;ld.
Rw;Wyhj;Jiw $l
nfhQ;rk; tPo;r;rpaile;jJ. mjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; fpA+ghit tpl;L kf;fs; fsthf mnkupf;ftpw;F
rhiu rhiuahf Xbj; jg;gpaJ midj;Jyf kl;lj;jpy; fpA+ghtpw;F nfl;l ngaH thq;fpf; nfhLj;jJ.
,e;j nghUshjhu
rupit rupf;fl;l fpA+gh ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsHfisj; Njbg; gpbf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. njhiyNgrp
kw;Wk; vz;nza; cw;gj;jpj; Jiwfspy; nkf;rpf;Nfh ehl;L KjyPl;lhsHfNshL fpA+gh $l;L nghUshjhu
xg;ge;jq;fis nra;J nfhz;lJ.
ey;yfhykhf 1994k;
Mz;L rPdp kw;Wk; epf;fy; Nghd;w Vw;Wkjpg; nghUl;fspd; tpiy cyfr; re;ijapy; nfhQ;rk;
mjpfupj;jJ.
fpA+ghtpd; Njrpa
rig (ehlhSkd;wk;) Gjpa tupfis tpjpj;J nghUl;fspd; tpiyfisAk; caHj;jpaJ. ,jd; %yk; ehl;bd;
ehza Gof;fj;ij Fiwj;J ngNrhtpd; kjpg;ig fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L te;jJ. ,jdhy; xU nlhyUf;F
100 ngNrh vd;W ,Ue;j epyik khwp 1995k; Mz;lstpy; xU nlhyUf;F ngNrhtpd; ngWkjp 40 Mf
mjpfupj;jJ.
1994k; Mz;L cs;@H nkhj;j cw;gj;jp ( Gross Domestic Product) 0.4 tpOf;fhlhf kl;Lk; ,Ue;jJ vd;why; kpFjpia ePq;fNs Cfpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. rpq;fg;G+upd; cnkhc(GDP) ruhrup Mz;nlhd;Wf;F 12 tpOf;fhlhFk;. rPdhtpd; tsHr;rp tpOf;fhL 10 MFk;. ,e;jpah 6.5 tpOf;fhlhFk;.
1994k; Mz;L
fpA+ghtpd; cnkhcapd; ngWkjp (thq;Fk; rf;jp mbg;gilapy;) 1400 Nfhb nlhyuhFk;. jdp egH
tUkhdk; 1>260 nlhyuhFk;. tuT 930 NfhbahFk;. nryT (epiyahd tsHr;rpf;fhd KjyPL cl;gl)
1>250 NfhbahFk;. Vw;Wkjp 160 NfhbahFk;.
Vw;Wkjpg;
nghUl;fs; rPdp> epf;fy;> rpw;gp kw;Wk; ez;Ltifs;> Gifapiy> kUj;Jt fUtpfs;>
goq;fs;> Nfhg;gp Nghd;witahFk;.
Vw;Wkjpg;
nghUl;fs; rPdp> epf;fy;> rpw;gp kw;Wk; ez;Ltifs;> Gifapiy> kUj;Jt fUtpfs;>
goq;fs;> Nfhg;gp Nghd;witahFk;.
Ntiyapy;yhNjhH
tpOf;fhL - 6. Ntshz;ik - rPdp> Gifapiy> goq;fs;> Nfhg;gp> ney;> cUisf;
fpoq;F> fhy;eil Kjypad.
may;ehl;Lf; fld;
- 1120 Nfhb nlhyH (,ijtpl cUrpahtpw;F 2>000 Nfhb nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;)
1996k;
Mz;L RanjhopyhsHfsJ vz;zpf;if 208>000 Mf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; 1997k; Mz;L Gjpjhf mwpKfg;
gLj;jg;gl;l tup fhuzkhf ,e;j njhif 176>000 Mff; Fiwe;jJ.
fpA+gh
kPjhd mnkupf;fhtpd; nghUshjhu jilNa fpA+ghtpd; nghUshjhu neUf;fbf;Ff; fhuzkhFk;.
fpA+ghtpy; kf;fshl;rpKiw ,y;iy> nra;jpr; Rje;jpuk; ,y;iy> kdpjTupikfs;
kjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy Nghd;w fhuzj;Jf;fhfNt mnkupf;fh ,e;jg; nghUshjhu jilia fpA+gh kPJ
tpjpj;Js;sJ. Mdhy; ,Nj Fw;wr; rhl;Lf;fs; et rPdhTf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. Mdhy; mnkupf;fh rPdh kPJ
nghUshjhuj; jil vJTk; tpjpf;ftpy;iy. ,d;Dk; nrhy;yg; Nghdhy; rPdhtpw;F kpfTk; el;ghd ehL
me;j];J toq;fg; gl;Ls;sJ.
mnkupf;fhtpd;
ntspAwTf; nfhs;if murpaiy tpl thzpf mbg;gilapy; tFf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gjw;F rPdh-fpA+gh
ehLfNshlhd vjpUk; GjpUkhd mZFKiw ey;y vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
ntuNlNuhtpy;
,Ue;J `thdh 100 fp.kP JhukhFk;. mq;F Nghtjw;F fl;lzk; 55 nlhyH kl;LNk. ,e;jstpy; fNdbaH
gyH ez;gHfshfp tpl;lhHfs;. vdNt vy;NyhUkhf gaz Vw;ghl;il gaz KftH %ykhfr; nra;Njhk;. fhiy
8 kzpf;F tz;b N`hl;ly; thrypy; tUk;. vy;NyhUk; Maj;jkhf ,Uf;FkhW
gaz KftH Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhH. vdNt mLj;j thuk; cq;fisAk; mioj;Jf; nfhz;L `thdhTf;F gazk;
nra;a ,Uf;fpNwd;. (tsUk;)
fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
xU
gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......
fpA+ghtpd;
Vo;ikiaf; fhl;bf; nfhLf;Fk; njhlHkhbfs;!
(25 )
nrhy;yp itj;jJNghy
mLj;j ehs; fhiy 8 kzpf;F xU Gj;jk; Gjpa thd; N`hl;ly; Kd; te;J epd;wJ. RkhH ,UgJ NgH gazk;
nra;af;$ba tz;b. Vw;fdNt mjpy; mf;fk; gf;f N`hl;ly;fspy; jq;fpapUe;j xU gj;Jg; gd;dpuz;L
NgH ,Ue;jhHfs;. ehDk; kidtpAk; mjpy; Vwpf; nfhz;Nlhk;. vq;fsJ fNdba ez;gHfSk; Vwpf;
nfhz;lhHfs;. tUtjhfj; jq;fs; ngaHfisg; gzk; nfhLj;Jg; gjpT nra;J nfhz;l fztd;-kidtp ,uz;L
NgH kl;Lk; tuj; jtwp ,Ue;jhHfs;.
Rw;Wyh topfhl;b
mtHfs; tUfpwhHfsh ,y;iyah vd;gij mwpa tuNtw;G Nkirapy; ,Ue;jtHfsplk; mbf;fb Ngha;
tprhupj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhH. mtHfs; te;jghby;iy. vdNt tz;b Gwg;gl;lJ.
vq;fsJ topfhl;b
Kg;gJ taJ kjpf;ff; $ba ngz;kzp. kpfTk; RWRWg;ghff; fhzg;gl;lhH. mtuJ Mq;fpyg; Ngr;R kpfTk;
ruskhf ,Ue;jJ. jd;id mwpKfk; nra;J nfhz;l gpd;dH tz;b Xl;bdiuAk; vy;NyhUf;Fk;; mwpKfk;
nra;J itj;jhH.
md;iwa
gazj;ijg;gw;wp RUf;fkhfr; nrhd;dhH. Nghfpw topAk;> `thdhtpy; ve;nje;j ,lq;fisr; Rw;wpf;
fhz;gpf;f ,Ug;gijAk; nrhd;dhH.
topapy; Kf;fpa
efuq;fisf; flf;Fk; NghJ me;j efuq;fspd; ngaHfs;> kf;fs; njhif> mtHfsJ njhopy;fs;
,itgw;wp RUf;fkhfr; nrhd;dhH.
mtH NgRtijg;
ghHj;jhy; vy;yhtw;iwAk; kddk; nra;J xg;gilg;gJ Nghy; vdf;Fg; gl;lJ. topfhl;bj; njhopy;
mtuJ KONeu Ntiyahf ,Ug;gjhy; fpA+ghgw;wpa tpguq;fs; vy;yhk; mtUf;F mj;Jg;gbahf ,Ue;jjpy;
tpag;gpy;iy.
nghJthf vy;yh
ehl;L topfhl;bfSk; ruhrup gzpahl;fistpl gLRl;bj;jdkhf (smart) ,Ug;gijf;
fhzyhk;. kpLf;fhd Njhw;wk;> eilAil ghtid cs;stHfNs ,e;jj; njhopYf;Fj;
NjHe;njLf;fpwhHfs;. jq;fsJ ehLgw;wpa
gpk;gj;ij Rw;WyhtpfSf;F "tpw;gjpy;" ,tHfs; nfl;bf;fhuHfs;. fy;Yhupfs; my;yJ
gy;fiyf; fofq;fspy; topfhl;bfisg; gapw;Wtpg;gjw;F jdpf; fw;ifnewp ,Uf;fpwJ. mq;F Mz;Lf;
fzf;fpy; gbj;Jg; gl;lk; ngWgtHfisNa ,e;jj; njhopypy; Ntiyf;F mkHj;JfpwhHfs;.
jq;fs; ehl;bd;
gyj;ijkl;Lk; XahJ nrhy;ypf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; topfhl;bfs; rpy rkak; gytPdq;fisAk; nrhy;y Ntz;b
Vw;gLfpwJ. mg;gbahd #o;epiyapy; nrhy;yNtz;ba tplaj;ij kpfTk; eh#f;fhfTk;>
ehfuPfkhfTk;> eifr;RitahfTk; nrhy;yp rkhspj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhHfs;.
n[Hkdp fpof;F
Nkw;fhfg; gpupe;J vjpUk; GjpUkhf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; n[Hkdpapd; jiyefukhd ngHypDk; fpof;F
ngHypd; Nkw;F ngHypd; vd;W gpupe;J ,Ue;jJ. fpof;F ngHypd; nghJTlik murpd; fPOk; Nkw;F
n[Hkd; kf;fshl;rp murpd; fPOk; ,Ue;jd.
,e;j ,uz;L
ngHypd;fisAk; Rw;wpg; ghHf;Fk; tha;g;G 1970k; Mz;L fpilj;jJ. ,Wjpf; fzf;fhsH guPl;iria
vOjp Kbj;J tpl;L ngWNgWFf; fhj;jpUe;j ,ilntspapy; INuhg;gh Nghf tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ. gaz
xOq;Ffis Fiwe;j nrytpy; gpupj;jhdpa gy;fiyf; fof khztH rq;fk; Vw;ghL nra;jJ.
nghJTlikf;Fk;
kf;fshl;rpf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s xw;Wik> Ntw;Wik kw;Wk; jhujk;aq;fisg; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;why; ,e;j ,uz;L ngHypd;fisg; ghHj;jhNy NghJk;.
Nkw;F n[Hkdp
nry;tk; nfhopf;Fk; efukhff; fhl;rp mspj;jJ. vq;F jpUk;gpdhYk; Mly;> ghly;> ,uT
tpLjpfs;> rptg;Gtpsf;Fg; gFjpfs; ,g;gb xd;Wf;FNk gQ;rk; ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jJ.
mDkd; fz;l ,yq;if
khe;jiuf; fk;gH ,uhkfhijapy; mDkd; thapyhfg; glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;b ,Uf;fpwhH. me;jg; ghliy
epidT+l;lj;jf;fjhf Nkw;F ngHypd; ,Ue;jJ. fk;gupd; ghly; ,J.
"gspf;F
khspifj; jye;njhWk;>
,le;njhWk;>
gRe; Njd;
Jspf;Fk; fw;fgj; jz; eWk;
Nrhiyfs; NjhWk;>
mspf;Fk; Njwy;
cz;(L)> MLeH
ghLeH Mfpf;
fspf;fpd;
whHmy;yhy;> fty;fpd;whH
xUtiuf; fhNzd;." (f.,.
CHNjL glyk;)
""fspf;fpd;why; my;yhy; fty;fpd;whH xUtiuf; fhNzd;"" mjhtJ gspq;Ff; fy;ypdhy; nra;ag;gl;l khspifapd; ,lq;fspYk;> Vida ,lq;fspYk;> mq;F mikf;fg;gl;l fw;gfr; NrhiyfspYk;> vq;Nf ghHj;jhYk; kJit cz;L MLfpwtHfSk; ghLfpwtHfSkha; ,Uf;fpd;whHfNs md;wpf; ftiy cilatHfshf xUtUNk fhzg;gltpy;iy"" vd;fpwhd; mDkd;.
Nkw;F ngHypd; kf;fSk; ,g;gbj;jhd; ,Ue;jhHfs;. mjw;F NeHkhwhf ,Ue;jJ fpof;F ngHypd;.
ngHypd; efiug;
Ng&e;jpy; Rw;wpg; ghHg;gjw;F Rw;Wyhj;JiwapdH xOq;F gbj;jpapUe;jhHfs;. mg;gbg; Ngha;f; nfhz;bUe;jNghJ efupd; xUGwk;
tPjpapd; ,uz;L gf;fKk; miuFiw MilNahL ,sk; ngz;fs; Kd;Df;Fk; gpd;Df;Fk; ele;J
jpupe;jhHfs;. tPjpahy; NghAk; te;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; rpy tz;bfs; epd;W me;jg; ngz;fNshL Ngr;Rf;
nfhLg;gijg; ghHf;ff; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ. rpy rkak; me;jg; ngz;fspy; xUtH me;j tz;bapy; Vwpf;
nfhs;thH.
tPjpapy; vd;d
elf;fpwJ vd;gijf; fz;Lgpbf;f mjpfk; rpukg;glj; Njitapy;yhky; ,Ue;jJ. Nguk;Ngrp mJ
rupte;jhy; ngz; tz;bapy; VWfpwhH. ,y;yhtpl;lhy; tz;b ntWkNdNghfpwJ. NghdJk; me;jg; ngz;
kw;nwhU cWkPDf;fhf eil NghLfpwhs;.
,e;jr; rq;flkhd
fhl;rpia ehq;fs; fz;Ltpl;Nlhk; vd;gJ topfhl;bf;Fj; njupe;J tpLfpwJ. clNd mtH vq;fisg;
ghHj;Jr; nrhd;dhH "",e;j tPjpapd; ,UkUq;fpYk; mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; eilgapd;W
nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfNs. me;jg; ngz;fs; NtWahUky;y. "",iuiaf; nfhj;Jtjw;fhff;
fhj;jpUf;Fk; gwitfs;!"" mtHfs; rptg;G tpsf;Fg; gFjpg; ngz;fs; vd;W gr;irahfr;
nrhy;yhky; topfhl;b ,g;gb eh#f;fhf tplaj;ijr; nrhd;dhH.
tz;b Xbf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. me;j tPjp fly;fiu Xukhf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt fly; mbf;fb fz;Zf;Fg; gl;lJ. CH kidfSk;
njd;gl;ld. tPjpfspy; kf;fs; njd;gl;lhHfs;. rpd;dJk; ngupaJkhd tPLfs; njd;gl;ld.
gs;spf;$lf; fl;blq;fs;> kUj;Jt kidfs;> mq;fhbfs; te;J te;J Nghapd.
Jhuj;jpy;
njhlHkhbf; fl;blq;fs; fz;Zf;Fj; njupe;jd. vy;yhk; rpd;dr; rpd;d tPLfs;. xd;Wk; xOq;fhff;
fz;Zf;Fg; gspr;rpLkhW ,Uf;ftpy;iy. fpA+gh Vio ehnld;gij ,e;jj;njhlHkhbf; fl;blq;fs;
fhl;bf; nfhLj;jd. mjpYk; nta;apYf;F jbfspy; fl;b fhag; Nghl;bUf;Fk; fe;jy; Jzpkzpfs; me;j
cz;ikia ciwg;ghf vLj;Jf;fhl;bd.
mg;gbahd xU
njhlHkhbf; fl;blj;jpd; cs;Ns Ngha;g; ghHf;Fk; re;jHg;gk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; ntspj;
Njhw;wj;ij itj;J cl;Njhw;wj;ij xUthW mDkhdpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
xU ,lj;jpy;
fhyhWtjw;F tz;b epw;ghl;lg;gl;lJ. mJ xU rpd;d czT tpLjp. Fbg;gjw;F FspHghdk; my;yJ
#lhdghdk; ,Ue;jJ. foptiwAk; ,Ue;jJ. mq;F Nghfyhk; vd;why; mjd; thrypy; xU ,sk; ngz;
cl;fhHe;jpUe;jhH. ,tH Vd; ,g;gb ee;jdhUf;F rd;dpjpia kiwj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j ee;jp khjpup
cl;fhHe;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhH vd;W Nahrpj;jhy; mtH foptiwf;Fg; NghfpwtHfSf;Fj; Njitg;gLk;
"up\;A+" fljhrpia xU jl;by; itj;Jf; nfhLj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhH. Rk;kh my;y fhRf;F.
tpiy Fwpg;gplhtpl;lhYk; Fiwe;jJ xU nlhyH NghlNtz;Lk;!
gpd;dH `thdhtpy;
rpy N`hl;ly;fs; my;yJ 'nw];Nuhwd;l;" ,tw;Wf;Fs; Eise;jNghJ ,Nj fhl;rp njd;gl;lJ. rpy
Gj;jprhyp Rw;Wyhtpfs; Kd; vr;rupf;ifahf Njitahd fljhrpia ifNahL
nfhz;L te;jpUe;jhHfs;.
topfhl;b
fpA+ghtpd; tuyhw;iw Gs;sp tpguq;fNshL MjpNahle;jkhf fisf;fhky; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L te;jhH.
G+HtPf Fbkf;fs;> nfhyk;g]; tUif> 1959k; Mz;Lg; Gul;rp> fpA+ghtpd; kf;fs;
njhif> jw;Nghija Ml;rpKiw> Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp ,g;gb vy;yh tplaq;fs;
gw;wpAk;nrhd;dhH> ehd; mtw;iw Kbe;jsT
Fwpg;ngLj;Jf; nfhz;Nld;. ,g;NghJ tz;b kPz;Lk; xU ePz;l ghyj;Jf;F mUfpy; epWj;jg;gl;lJ.
""ePq;fs; fl;lhak; ghHf;f Ntz;ba ,lk; ,J"" vd;w Kd;DiuAld; topfhl;b
vy;NyhiuAk; ,wq;fr; nrhd;dhH. (tsUk;)
fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
xU
gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......
`thdh fpA+ghtpd; fyhrhuj;
jiyefuk;!
(26 )
,e;jg;
gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ngyp]; ehl;L khad; (Mayan
of Belize) (jkpo;g; ngaHNghy;
xypf;fpwjy;yth?)> nkf;rpf;Nfh ehl;L m];uf;]; (Aztecs of Mexico), NgU ehl;L ,q;fh];
( Incas of Peru) mey;y ehfuPfk;
gilj;j ,dq;fshf tho;e;J ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. vdNt nfhyk;g]; mnkupf;fhitf;
""fz;Lgpbj;jhH"" vd;gJ rupahd thHj;ijg; gpuNahfk; my;y.
,RghdPah>
NghHj;Jf;fy; Nghd;w nfhydpj;Jt ehLfs; mnkupf;fhitf; fz;L gpbj;j gpd;dH>
mnkupf;fhtpd;> Fwpg;ghfj; njd; mnkupf;fhtpd; Kfk; Jupj nfjpapy; khw;wk; mile;jJ.
Mgpupf;fhtpy; ,Ue;J 140 ,yl;rk; mbikfs; nfhz;L tug;gl;lhHfs;. mj;NjhL Nfhg;gp kw;Wk;
fUk;Gj; Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;tjw;F ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J $ypfs; nfhz;L tug;gl;lhHfs;.
,tHfspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhH jkpoHfs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. G+HtPf kf;fis ,e;jf; FbNaw;W ehLfs;
ngUk;ghYk; nfhd;nwhopj;jd.
,e;jg;
gpuhe;jpaj;ijg;gw;wp rupahf mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F
If;fpa mnkupf;fhitg;gw;wpAk; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
mnkupf;fh 1832k;
Mz;L nkhd;Nwh Nfhl;ghl;il ( Monroe Doctrine ) gpufldg;gLj;jpaJ.
mjd; jhw;gupak; vd;dntd;why; njd; mnkupf;fhf; fz;lk; KOJk; mnkupf;fhtpd; Nkyhz;ikf;F (hegemony) cl;gl;lJ vd;gjhFk;.
mjpy; NtW ve;j ehLk; jiyapl mDkjpf;fg; glkhl;lhJ.
,e;jf;
Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; fle;j fhyq;fspy; mnkupf;fh nlhkpdpf;fd; FbauR> gdhkh> epf;fuFth> rpyp> N`apl;b kw;Wk; fpwdlh Nghd;w
ehLfSf;Fj; jdJ gilia Neubahf mDg;gp my;yJ cs;ehl;by; muRf;F vjpuhfg; NghuhLk; tyJrhup
nfupy;yh ,af;fq;fSf;F MAjq;fis ey;fp me;j ehLfspd; Ml;rpfisf; ftpo;j;Js;sJ.
fpA+gh kPJk;
mnkupf;fh gilnaLj;jJ. Mdhy; mjpy; mnkupf;fh ngupa Njhy;tpiaj; jOtpf; nfhz;lJ. me;jg;
gilnaLg;Gf;F Bay of Pig Invasion vd;gJ ngauhFk;.
mijapl;L gpd;dH vOJNtd;.
Mdhy; mnkupf;fh ,uhZt mOj;jj;jpw;Fg; gjpy; nghUshjhuj; jilia
fpA+gh kPJ tpjpj;Js;sJ. n`y;k;];-Ngl;ld;(Helms-Burton) rl;lj;jpd; fPo; cyf ehLfs; fpA+ghNthL thzpfk;
nra;tJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
njd; mnkupf;f
ehLfspy; ,Ue;J Nghijg; nghUs; mnkupf;fhtpw;Ff; flj;jjg;gLtJ mnkupf;f muRf;Fg; ngupa
jiyapbahf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. Nghijg; nghUs; flj;JNthiu mnkupf;f csTg; gil me;j ehLfspypy; ,Ue;J
flj;jpf; nfhz;L tUfpwJ.
gdhkh ehl;bd;
rdhjpgjpahf ,Ue;j kDNty; nehwpf;fh ( Manuel Norega) Nghijg;
nghUs; flj;Jk; flj;jy;fhuHfSf;F cle;ijahf ,Ue;jhhH vd;W Fw;wk; rhl;b 1989k; Mz;L mnkupf;fh
jdJ ,uhZtj;ij mDg;gp mtiuf; ifJ nra;J mnkupf;fhTf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;jJ. ePjpkd;wj;jpy; epWj;jp
jz;lidAk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. mtH ,g;NghJ rpiw itf;fg;gl;Ls;shH.
,g;NghJ topfhl;b
fpA+ghtpd; jiy efukhd `thdh gw;wpa juTfis thupf; nfhl;lj; njhlq;fpdhH. aho;g;ghzk; vg;gb jkpo; kf;fsJ gz;ghl;bd; jiyefukhf
fUjg;gLfpwNjh mNj Nghy `thdh fpA+ghtpd; fyhrhu jiyefukhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
fpA+ghtpy; cs;s
efuq;fspy; `thdhjhd; ngupaJ vd;gijr; nrhy;yj; Njitapy;iy. Vida efuq;fNshL xg;gpLk;NghJ
`thdh mgptpUj;jp mile;j xU efukhf tpsq;FfpwJ.
,Ue;Jk;
mnkupf;fhtpd; nghUshjhuj; jil fhuzkhf `thdhtpd;
nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp jilgl;Ls;sJ. ,g;NghJjhd; kWgbAk; me;epa nghUshjhu KjyPL tzpfk; kw;Wk;
ifj;njhopy; Jiwfspy; mjpfupf;f Muk;gpj;jpUf;fpwJ. efiu ,uT gfyhfr; Rw;Wyhg;gazpfs;
nkha;j;j tz;zk; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.
`thdhtpd; kf;fs;
njhif 22 ,yl;rkhFk;. gyH ,d;Dk; Gul;rpf;F Ke;jpa Fg;gq;fspy; tho;fpwhHfs;. mtHfSf;F Gjpa
FbapUg;Gf;fs; mikj;Jf; nfhLf;Fk; gzp ,g;NghJ Muk;gpf;fg;glg; gl;Ls;sJ. (tsUk;)
fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
(27 )
"",yj;jpd;""
vd;w nrhy; ,Rg;ghdpa nkhop NgRfpwtHfisf; Fwpf;Fk; vd;W Kd;dH Fwpg;gpl;Nld;.
"",yj;jpd; mnkupf;fh"" vd;why; ,Rg;ghdpa nkhop NgRfpw ehLfisf;
Fwpf;Fk;. Mdhy; fupgPd; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ,e;jr; nrhy;Yf;F NtW ,yf;fzk; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.
fupgPd; flypy;
,Uf;Fk; Rje;jpukhd my;yJ Rje;jpukw;w jPTfisf; ,e;jr; nrhy; Fwpf;fpwJ. Rje;jpukhd ehLfs; xU
fhyj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> kw;Wk; nejye;J (xy;yhe;J) ehLfspd; nfhydp jPTfshf
,Ue;jit. 1994k; Mz;L eilngw;w fupgPd; ehLfsJ khehl;by; ""fupgPd;""
vd;w nrhy;Yf;F kPs; mHj;jk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. fupgPd; gpuhe;jpaj;ij njhl;Lf; nfhz;L fplf;Fk;
njd; mnkupf;fh> kj;jpa mnkupf;fh fupgPd; ehLfs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
Gtpapay;
mbg;gilapy; njd; mnkupf;f ,yj;jpd; ehLfs; tl mnkupf;fhtpYs;s nkf;rpf;Nfhtpy; ,Ue;J njd;
mnkupf;fhtpYs;s MH[pd;Bdh ehL tiu cs;slf;fp cs;sJ.
,jd; epyg;gug;G
7>9 kpy;ypad; r.iky;fSf;Fk; mjpfkhFk;. ,J If;fpa mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; INuhg;gh ,uz;bd;
epyg;gug;Gf;Fr; rkkhFk;. ePsk; ,yz;ldpypUe;J Nfg; uTz; (Cape Town)msT JhukhFk;. njd; mnkupf;f ehLfspy; xd;whd gpNurpy; ,e;jpahittpl
mstpy; ngupajhFk;.
,e;j ehLfis vy;yhk; 15k; Ehw;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy;jhd; ,RghdpaH> gpupj;jhdpaH> nejye;JfhuHfshy; tisj;Jg; gpbf;fg; gl;lJ vd;why; mij ek;GtJ tpy;yq;fkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
ehq;fs; Kjyhk;
,uhruhr Nrhod; ( fp.gp. 985-1018) mtd; kfd; Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpud; (fp.gp. 1014-1044)
<ok;> flhuk; ( Mynammar Burma)> rhtfk; (Java)> Gl;gfk; (Sumatra)>
jha;yhe;J> tpal;ehk;> kNyrpah> khiyjPT> ,yl;rjPT ,tw;iwnay;yhk; ntw;wp
nfhz;ljhfg; ngUik mbj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwhk;.
NrhoHfsJ
Ntsf;fhug; gil> ifNfhsg; gil ,uz;Lk; fypq;fk;> tq;fk;> gPfhH ehLfisf; fle;J
fq;iff; fiuf;F mg;ghYk; ntw;wp eilNghl;lJ. ,uhNre;jpud; tq;fk;tiu nrd;whd;.
Mdhy; me;j ehLfspy; my;yJ jPTfspy; FbNawp mtw;iw FbNaw;w ehLfshf
khw;wpNdhkh vd;why; gjpy; ,y;iy vd;Nw ftiyNahL nrhy;y Ntz;bAs;sJ.
<oj;jpy;
kl;Lk; mjw;fhd milahsq;fs; nfhQ;rk; cz;L. Mdhy; mjidAk; Kw;whfg; gpbf;ftpy;iy.
gpbj;jpUe;jhy; ,d;W mq;F ,dg; gpur;rpid vd;W xd;W te;jpUf;fhJ. Vida ehLfspy; mJTk; ,y;iy.
mJtiu fhyKk;
<oj;jpd; jiyefuhf ,Ue;j mDuhjGuj;ij nghydWitf;F
(n[fehjkq;fsGuk;)khw;wpa ,uhruhrd; - ,uhNre;jpud; ( je;ijAk; kfDk; xU
fl;lj;jpy; Vf fhyj;jpy; mupaizapy; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;) mq;F fy;yhy; mofhd muz;kidfs;>
rptd; Nfhtpy;fs; fl;bdhHfs;. ,it ,d;Wk; NrhoHfsJ fiytz;zj;Jf;F fl;bak; $wp epw;fpd;wd.
,e;jr; rptd; Nfhtpy;fs; ,uhruhrdJ jhahH thdkhNjtpapd; epidthff; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
Gtpay;
mbg;gilapy; jkpo; ehl;by; ,Ue;J 21 iky; njhiytpy; cs;s <ok; jkpoHfsJ ehlhfj;jhd;
,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. jkpofj;ijAk; <oj;ijAk; rKj;jpuk; gpupf;ftpy;iy. ghf;FePuizjhd;
gpupf;fpwJ. ,Ue;Jk; jkpoHfs; Nfhl;il tpl;L tpl;lhHfs;.
rPdHfis vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; mUfpYs;s jha;thd;> khNfh jPTfs; rPdh ehl;bd; xU gFjpahfj;jhd; ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpd;wd.
Mdhy;
,Rg;ghdpaH> gpupj;jhdpaH gj;jhapuk;>
gjpidahapuk; iky;fSf;F mg;ghy; cs;s xd;Wf;F %d;W fz;lq;fisg; (njd; mnkupf;fh> tl
mnkupf;fh> mT];jpNuypah) gpbj;jJ kl;Lk;
my;yhky; mq;F FbNawp nfhbfl;b tho;fpwhHfs;. ,Rgdpa nkhop If;fpa ehLfs; mitapd; cj;jpNahf
nkhopfspy; xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ.
mT];jpNuypahit
gpbj;j gpupj;jhdpaHfs; mjidf; ifjpfis milj;J itf;Fk; xU rpiwr;rhiyahfj;jhd; gad;
gLj;jpdhHfs;. Mdhy; ,d;W mT];jpNuypah G+Nyhf RtHf;fkhf tpsq;FfpwJ. me;j ehl;bd; ,jkhd
fhyepiyf;fhfNt mq;F FbNawp thoyhk;. fdlhtpy; FbNawp> gpd;dH fdlhtpd; FspH gpbf;fhky; mT];jpNuypahtpw;Ff; FbNawpa gy
jkpo;f; FLk;gq;fis mq;F ghHf;fyhk;.
,Rg;ghdpaUf;Fk;
gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fk; ,Ue;j tPuk;> JzpT> jpwik Nru> Nrho> ghz;baHfSf;F Vd; ,y;yhJ
Ngha;tpl;lJ?
,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy;
NrhoHfs; kl;LNk xU flyhjpf;fk; nrYj;jpa murHfs; MthHfs;. mjdhy; mtHfs; Nrhog; NguurH (Imperial Cholas) vd miof;fg;
gl;lhHfs;. ,uhruhrDf;F Kk;Kbr; Nrhod; vd;w gl;lKk; ,Ue;jJ.
mz;ikapy; Discovery
Channel y;
xU FWk;glk; Nghl;Lf; fhl;bdhHfs;. mjpy; ,e;jpa
murHfspy; ,uhruhr NrhoNd khngUk; kd;dd; vd;W mioj;jhHfs;. Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; mtd;
vOg;gpa jQ;irg; ngUTilahH Nfhtpy; jkpodpd; fl;blf; fiyf;F xU vLj;Jf; fhl;lhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
mw;Gjkhd me;jf; fiyf;Nfhtpy; ,d;Wk; ,uhruhrdJ Gfo;ghb thDaHe;J epw;fpwJ. fOj;ij tisj;Jf;
nfhz;Ljhd; mjd; caHe;j NfhGuj;ij mz;zhe;J
ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;!
fupgPd; jPTfspy;
xd;whd Galapagos (off shore island of Ecuador)
jPtpy;jhd;
Gfo;ngw;w mwptpayhsH rhHy;]; lhHtpd; (Charles Darwin) The Origin of the Species vd;w Ehiy
vOjpdhH.
,e;j Ehy; mJtiu
fhyKk; kjthjpfs; re;ijg; gLj;jpa ""gilj;jy; fUj;jpay;"" (Creation
Theory)
jfHj;J vwpag;gl;L ""$Hjy; fUj;jpay;"" (Evolution Theory) Nfhl;ghl;il
epWtpaJ.
,J mwptpay; tuyhw;wpy;
ngupa Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;jpa mNjrkaj;jpy; kjthjpfs;> Fwpg;ghf fpwpj;Jt> ,];yhkpa>
,e;J Nghd;w kjq;fspd; gilg;Gj; jj;Jtj;jpy; xU
,bahfTk; ,wq;fpaJ.
kdpjd; ve;jf;
flTshYk; gilf;fg;gltpy;iy mtd; Fuq;fpy; ,Ue;J $Hjy; mwk; my;yJ cs;sJ rpwj;jy; Kiwapy;
Njhd;wpdhd; vd;gij gy Mz;Lfhy Ma;tpd;gpd;
rhHy;]; lhHtpd; epWtpdhH. capupdq;fSk; ,dtiffSk; gbKiw tsHr;rpaile;Nj njhif tsKk; tif
tsKk; tsHr;rp khWghLfSk; caHTk; ngw;wd vd lhHtpd; jdJ $Hjy; fUj;jpay; %yk; vz;gpj;Jf;
fhl;bdhH. ,d;iwa kugZT Muha;r;rpapd;gb rpk;ghd;rp tiff; Fuq;Ff;Fk; kdpjDf;Fk; 98 tpOf;fhL
xw;Wik ,Ug;gJ fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,g;NghJ ehq;fs;
gazk; nra;j tz;b `thdh jiyefiu mz;kpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. vdNt `thdh efuj;jpd; tuyhw;iw rpwpJ
ghHf;fyhk;. `thdh efuk; 1519k; Mz;L nehtk;gH khjk; 16k; ehs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mjdJ gioa
ngaH San Cristobal de La Habana vd;gjhFk;. mjd; Gtpapay; Kf;fpak; fhuzkhf Nkw;F
cyfpy; ,Rg;ghdpa Nguurpd; Kf;fpa JiwKfg; gl;bdkhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,Rg;ghdpahtpw;F
nkf;rpf;Nfh> NgU Nghd;w ehLfspy; ,Ue;J gazk; nra;Ak; fg;gy;fs; `thdhtpy; eq;$uk;
gha;r;rp rpwpJ fhyk; jq;fp jz;zPH czT Nghd;wtw;iw Nrfupj;Jf; nfhz;L jq;fs; gazj;ij kPz;Lk;
njhlHe;jd. xUtpjj;jpy; mfz;l ,Rghdpa Nguurpd; Kd;thryhf `thdh tpsq;fpaJ.
,jd; fhuzkhf
1607k; Mz;L fpA+ghtpd; jiyefuk; `ghdhTf;F
efHj;jg;gl;lJ. 1762k; Mz;L gpupj;jhdpahTk; gpuhd;Rk; VO ehs; Aj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;lNghJ
gpupj;jhdpah `thdhit ifg;gw;wpaJ. mjid 11 khjq;fs; jdJ Ml;rpapy; itj;jpUe;j gpd;dH
GswplhTf;F <lhf khw;wpf; nfhz;lJ!
,jd; gpd;dH Gjpa
cyfpy; (New World ) `thdh kpfTk; gykhd ghJfhg;Gila gl;bdkhf khwpaJ.
18k; 19k; Ehw;whz;Lfspy; mJ tzpfj;Jf;Fg; ngaHNghd gl;bdkhf NkYk; tsHr;rpaile;jJ.
ey;yfhykhf Kjyhk;
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; `thdh ve;jtpjkhd mopTf;Fk; cs;shfhky; jg;gpaJ. fhyj;Jf;fhyk; ele;j
Gul;rpfSk; mjidg; ghjpf;ftpy;iy. mJ cUthfpa fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j gyj;NjhL ,g;NghJk; `thdh jiy
epkpHe;J epw;fpwJ. (tsUk;)
fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
xU
gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......
NaRehjH NrFthuh ,UtUk; mUfUfpy;!
(28 )
gpw;fhyr; Nrhog; Nguurpd; khkd;dHfshd
,uhruhrd; mtdJ kfd; Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpud; ,UtUk; <ok;> ahtfk;> Gl;gfk;>
flhuk;> fhk;Nghfk;> jha;yhe;J ehLfis vy;yhk; ntw;wp nfhz;lhHfs; Mdhy; me;j ehLfspy; my;yJ jPTfspy; FbNawp mtw;iw FbNaw;w ehLfshf
khw;wpdhHfsh? vd;why; gjpy; ,y;iy vd;Nw ftiyNahL nrhy;y Ntz;bAs;sJ vd Kd;dH vOjpapUe;Njd;.
mj;NjhL <oj;jpy; kl;Lk; mjw;fhd Gwr;rhd;Wfs; mfr;rhd;Wfs; nfhQ;rk; cz;L Mdhy; mjidAk;
Kw;whfg; gpbf;ftpy;iy. gpbj;jpUe;jhy; ,d;W mq;F ,dg; gpur;rpid vd;W xd;W te;jpUf;fhJ vdTk;
vOjpapUe;Njd;.
Mdhy; <oehl;il ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; KOJk;
gpbj;jij fy;ntl;L xd;W cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. mjpy; vOjpapUg;gjhtJ-
""nghUfl yPoj; jurHjk; KbAk;
Mq;ftH NjtpaH
Xq;nfopy; KbAk;
Kd;dtH gf;fy;
njd;dtH itj;j
Re;ju KbAk;>
,e;jpud; MuKk;
njz;liu <o kz;ly KOtJk;...""
,jpy; <oj;jurH vd;W Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gJ
Ie;jhk; kfpe;jd; Mthd;. ,td; ,uhNre;jpudhy; rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;L Nrhoehl;Lf;Ff; nfhz;L
Nghfg;gl;ltd;. mq;F 12 Mz;Lfs; rpiwapy; ,Ue;J kbe;J Nghdhd;. njd;dtd; itj;j Re;ju
KbAk;> ,e;jpud; MuKk; vd;gJ ,yq;if kd;ddplk; %d;whk; ,uhrrpk;k ghz;bad; milf;fyk;
itj;Jg; gpd;dH "kJiuAk; <oKk; nfhz;lhd;" vd;w gl;lj;ijg; ngw;w Kjyhk; guhe;jf
Nrhodhy; ifg;gw;w epidj;J Kbahkw;Nghd mur rpd;dq;fshFk;.
kNyrpahtpd; nflh khepyj;jpd; Gf;fpl; gj;J
gfhl;by; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s mUq;fhl;rp $lk; Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhodpd; ntw;wpg; guzpf;F rhd;W
$Wtjhf cs;sJ.
,d;iwf;Fk; nraq;nfhz;lk; gFjpapy; fpilf;Fk; nrk;ghuhq;fy;iy 11k;> 12k; Ehw;whz;Lfspy; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; jhd; ntw;wp nfhz;l =tp[ak;> gz;iz> kiyA+H> khapUbq;fk;> ,yq;fhNrhfk;> gg;ghsk;> ,ypk;gq;fk;> ,yhKupNjrk;> ef;fthuk;> flhuk; (jw;fhy ikdkhH> Rkj;jpuh> kNyrpah) Nghd;w gFjpfSf;F nfhz;L nrd;W "tpjhdk;" mikj;Js;shd;. ,t;tsT fw;fisAk; fly; topahf NrhoHfspd; fg;gy;gil nfhz;L NghapUf;fpd;wd. mJ vg;gbr; rhj;jpakhapw;W vd;W vz;Zk;NghJ tpag;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ.
kNyrpahtpy;> Fwpg;ghf rz;b ngd;bahl;> G+[hq; ngq;fyhd;. Gf;fpl; gj;J gfl;> ngz;bq; jhsk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fpilj;Js;s 95f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nghUl;fs; jkpoH ngUikf;F rhd;W gfUk; tifapy; me;j mUq;fhl;rpr; rhiyapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
fp.gp. 1025k; Mz;L tp[ad; vd;Dk; murid
Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpud;g; Nghupy; ntw;wp nfhz;lhd;. mJ njhlHghd rhd;Wfs;jhd; ,e;j
mUq;fhl;rpf; $lj;jpy; fhzf; $bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
jkpoHfs; Mjpf;f kdg;ghd;ik cs;stHfshf ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; "nflh" xU jkpoH ehlhf mike;jpUf;Fk;. me;j kdg;ghd;ik ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; ntw;wpnfhz;l muRfsplk; ,Ue;J jpiw thq;FtNjhL jkpo; murHfs; mikjp mile;J tpl;lhHfs;.
jkpo;ehl;by; 'flhuq;fha;' vd;W CWfha;f;F gad;gLj;jg; gLk;
fha;$l flhuj;jpypUe;J nghz;L tug;gl;lJjhd;.
vg;NghjhtJ kNyrpahtpw;Fg; (kNyrpah vd;w
nrhy;ypd; gFjp kiy. ,J Jha jkpo;r; nrhy; vd;gJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ) Nghf tha;g;gpUe;jhy;
,uhNre;jpudJ Nrhodpd; gilnaLg;Gf;Fupa Gwr; rhd;Wfis ghHf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mir ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j
mUq;fhl;rp $lk;kl;Lky;y ,ijg;Nghy; NtW rhd;WfSk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
kNyrpah ehl;L jkpoHfs; ahuhtJ ,uhruhrd;>
Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpudJ fpof;fhrpa gilnaLg;igg;gw;wpAk;>
mjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; gw;wpAk; Muhae;J vOjpapUf;fpwhHfsh vd;gJ njupatpy;iy.
ntWkNd flhuk;
ntd;whd;> fq;if nfhz;lhd; vd;W nrhy;ypf; nfhz;bUg;gijtpl mtw;iwg;gw;wpa juTfis> rhd;Wfis ehk; jpul;l
Ntz;Lk;.
fpA+ghitg; gpbj;j
,Rg;ghdpaH Nfhl;il nfhj;jsq;fs; vd;W gy Gwr; rhd;Wfis mq;F tpl;Lg; NghapUf;fpwhHfs;.
,g;NghJ ehq;fs;
`thdh efuj;Jf;Fs; Eise;J tpl;Nlhk;. vjpHghHj;jijtpl efuk; tprhykhff; fz;Zf;Fg; gl;lJ.
Jhuj;jpy; Fd;Wfs; njupe;jd. mq;Nf ,NaRehjupd; ngupa rpiy
njupe;jJ. fpA+gh xU nghJTlik ehlhf ,Ue;Jk; mq;F kjtopghl;Lf;Nfh my;yJ kj mDl;lhdj;Jf;Nfh
ngupastpy; jilapUg;gjhfj; njupatpy;iy.
fpA+ghtpy;
f];l;Nwh gjtpf;F tUk; Kd;dH ej;jhH gz;bif tpLKiw ehshf ,Ue;jJ. gpd;dH mJ ,y;yhky;
Ngha;tpl;lJ. 1998k; Mz;L [dtup khjk; Nghg;ghz;ltH ,uz;lhtJ Nahd; Nghy; fpA+ghtpw;F tUif
je;jNghJ ej;jhH jpdj;ij tpLKiwahf mwptpf;FkhW f];l;NwhTf;F Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jhH. mjid
Vw;Wf; nfhz;l f];l;Nwh ej;jhH gz;bif jpdj;ij nghJtpLKiwahf mwptpj;jhH.
vOgj;NjO mfit
epuk;gpa ghg;ghz;ltuJ fpA+gh tUif tuyhw;W Kf;fpak; tha;e;jJ. fpA+gh xU nghJTlik ehlhf
,Ue;j fhuzj;jhy; Ml;rpahsUf;Fk; fj;Njhypf;f kjgPlj;jpw;Fk; RKfkhd cwT ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,Uf;Fk;
vd vjpHghHf;fTk; KbahJ. Nghg;ghz;ltH `thdh midj;Jyf tpkhd epiyaj;jpy; fhy; gjpj;jNghJ mtH
Mw;wpa ciu mjid Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;baJ.
mjw;F Kjy; Nghg;ghz;ltH tpkhdj;ijtpl;L fPNo ,wq;fp te;jTld; toikNghy; xU jhk;ghsj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j fpA+ghehl;L kz;iz ifapy; ms;sp mjid Kj;jk; ,l;lhH. tpkhdepiyaj;jpy; $bapUe;j kf;fs; "" Nghg;ghz;ltH Nahy; Nghy; mtHfNs cq;fis ehq;fs; vy;NyhUk; Nerpf;fpNwhk;""(“Juan Pablo Segundo! Te quiere todo el mundo!”—“John Paul the Second! Everybody loves you!” )vd Kof;fk; nra;jhHfs;.
""fpA+gh
epue;ju mikjp> r%f ePjp> Rje;jpuk;> gu];gu ek;gpf;if cila ehlhf tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;.
mJ kl;Lk; my;yhJ fpA+gh jd;id cyfj;jpw;Fk;> cyfk; jd;id fpA+ghtpw;Fk; jpwe;J
tplNtz;Lk;"" ,g;gb Nghg;ghz;ltH Fwpg;gpl;lhH. fpA+ghtpd; fj;Njhypf;f kjgPlk;
murplk; ahrpf;Fk; gy rl;lG+Htkhd cupikfisAk; rYiffisAk; topnkhope;J NgrpdhH.
mjw;F gjpy;
mspj;j fpA+ghtpd; Ml;rpj; jiytH f];l;Nwh ""fpA+ghtpd; Gul;rp topia khw;Wtjw;F
ve;jf; fhuzKk; ,Ug;gjhf vdf;Fj; njupatpy;iy. ehq;fs; Mapuk; ,wg;Gf;fis NjHe;njLf;f
Maj;jkhf ,Uf;fpNwhk;. Mdhy; vq;fs; ek;gpf;iffis Jwf;fj; jahuhapy;iy"" vd;whH.
,e;j tha;g;igg;
gad;gLj;jp mnkupf;fh kPJ fz;ldf; fizfisj; njhLf;fTk; f];l;Nwh gpd;epw;ftpy;iy.
""mnkupf;fh fpA+gh kPJ tpjpj;Js;s nghUshjhuj; jil xU ,dg; gLnfhiyf;F (genocide)
xg;ghdJ. ,e;jg; nghUshjhuj; jilahy; fpA+kh ehl;L kf;fsJ r%f
tho;f;if kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ehl;bd; nry;tk; vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; rkkhfg;
gfpHe;jspf;f Ntz;Lk;> rfy kf;fs; xw;Wikahf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gJjhd; fj;Njhypf;f kjj;jpd; Nfhl;ghlhf ,Ug;gjhf ePq;fs; nrhd;dPHfs;.
mg;gbnad;why; me;jf; Nfhl;ghl;il epiwT nra;J itg;gjpy; cyfpy; cs;s NtW ve;j ehl;ilAk;tpl
fpA+gh Kd;dzpapy; ,Uf;fpwJ"" vdf; f];l;Nwh Fwpg;gpl;lhH.
tj;jpf;fd; cl;gl Nkw;Fyf ehLfs; f];l;Nwhjhd; nghJTlikj; jiytHfspy; vQ;rp ,Uf;Fk; tpuy;tpl;L vz;zf;$ba jiytHfspy; xUtH vd vz;Zfpd;wd. f];l;Nwhtpw;F ,g;NghJ tajhfp (73) tpl;lJ. mtuJ kiwTf;Fg; gpd;dH Nghye;J> my;Ngdpah> fq;Nfup> cUrpah> A+Nfhrpyhtpah Nghd;w nghJTlik ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l Ml;rp khw;wq;fs; Nghy; fpA+ghtpYk; Ml;rp khw;wk; Vw;gLk; vd vjpHghHf;fpwhHfs;.
Nghg;ghz;ltH
tUifia Kd;dpl;L fpA+gh ehl;L CopaHfSf;F md;W miuehs; tpLKiw nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; tpkhdepiyaj;jpy; ,Ue;J `thdh
nry;Yk; 12 iky; ePs neLQ;rhiyapd; ,U kUq;fpYk; Ftpe;J epd;W fpA+gh ehl;bd; rptg;G>
nts;is> ePy Njrpaf; nfhbfisAk;> tj;jpf;fd; kQ;rs;> nts;isf; nfhbfisAk; mirj;Jf;
fhl;b Nghg;ghz;ltiu tuNtw;whHfs;. rpyH fpwpj;Jtj; Njhj;jpug; ghly;fisg; ghbdhHfs;.
"kjk; kf;fspd; mgpd;" vd;W fUJk; jPtpu khHf;rp];l; -nydp];l; nghJTlikthjpahd gply; f];Nwh Nghg;ghz;ltiu tuNtw;f rfy kf;fSk; mzpjpus Ntz;Lk; vd;W Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jpUe;jhH.
cj;jpNahfG+Htkhf fpA+gh xU ehj;jPf ehL. Mdhy; `thdhtpy; NaRehjupd; cUtr; rpiyAk; Gul;rpthjp Nr Fthuhtpd; cUtr;rpiyAk; gf;fk; gf;fkhf ,Ug;gijg; ghHf;fyhk;. ""NaRehjNu ck;kplk; ehk; tpRthrkhf ,Uf;fpNwhk;"" (“Jesus Christ, in you I trust,” ) vd;w RNyhfj;jpd; mUfpy; ""filrp ntw;wp kl;Lk;> vg;NghJk;""( “Until Victory, Forever!” ) vd;w RNyhfk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
fj;Njhypf;f
kjtopghl;Lf;F fpA+ghtpy; jilNaJk; ,y;iy. Mdhy; mjd; nraw;ghLfs; rpytw;wpw;F fl;Lg;ghL
tpjpf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jd. kjgPlj;Jf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd gs;spf;$lq;fs; fpA+gh Gul;rpia mLj;J muR
ifNaw;wJ.
Nghg;ghz;ltH
fpA+ghtpy; 5 ehs; jq;fpdhH. ,e;jf; fhyj;jpy; mtH ehY efuq;fSf;Fr; nrd;whH. me;j ehY
ehl;fSk; ey;y fhyepiy epytpaJ vd;gijr; nrhy;yj;
Njitapy;iy. #upa ntl;gk; G+r;rpaj;Jf;F NkNy 30 nry;rpa]; (80 gudha;l;) Mf ,Ue;jJ.
filrp ehsd;W
fpA+gh Gul;rpapd; Qhgfkhf `thdhtpy; epWtg;gl;Ls;s Gul;rpr; rJf;fj;jpy; khngUk; $l;lk;
eilngw;wJ. mjpy; RkhH 5 ,yl;rk; kf;fs; fye;J nfhz;lhHfs;. thdj;ijj;
njhl;Lf; nfhz;L caHe;J fk;gPukhf epw;Fk; ,e;jg; Gul;rpr; rJf;fj;jpy;jhd; f];l;Nwh Kf;fpa
nfhz;lhl;lq;fspy; ciuahw;WtJ tof;fk;. f];l;Nwh ePz;l Neuk; Ngrf; $batH. mjhtJ Ie;J MW
kzpj;jpahyq;fs;%r;Rtplhky; njhlHr;rpahfg; NgRthH.
(tsUk;)
fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
xU
gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......
Gfo;ngw;w Mq;fpy ehtyhrpupaH
nfkpq;Ntiaf; ftHe;j fpA+gh!
(29 )
ehq;fs; gazk;
nra;j thfdk; xU rpd;d jplypy; Ngha; epd;wJ. topfhl;b vy;NyhiuAk; ,wq;fr; nrhd;dhH. ,g;NghJ
`thdh efupd; ikag; gFjpiar; Rw;wpg; ghHf;fg; NghtjhfTk; ehq;fs; mtiug; gpd; njhlHe;J
tuNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhH.
vdJ fz;zpy;
Kjypy; gl;lJ mq;F tPjpNahukhf tz;by;fspy; gioa Gj;jfq;fis itj;Jf; nfhz;L epd;w
tzpfHfs;jhd;. Fiwe;jJ xU ,Uge;ije;J NguhtJ rpd;d js;S tz;by;fspy; me;jg; Gj;jfq;fis mLf;fp
itj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. murpdhy;
mDkjpf;fg;gl;l jdpahH thzpfj;jpy; ,JTk; xd;W. ngUk;ghYk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;F tpw;gNj mtHfsJ
Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. tof;fk; Nghy; tpiy vy;yhk; mnkupf;f nlhyupy;jhd;.
vdf;Fg; Gj;jfk;
vd;whNy xU myhjp tpUg;gk;. xU filf;Fg; Nghdhy; mq;Nf vq;NfahtJ xU %iyapy; Gj;jfq;fs;
itj;jpUf;fpwhHfsh vd;W Kjypy; Jshtpg; ghHg;Ngd;. ,Ue;jhy; mtw;iwj; jl;bg; ghHj;J
cgNahfkhd Ehy; vd;why; mtw;iw thq;fptpLNtd;. rpy rkak; ehd; Njbf;nfhz;bUe;j Ehy;fs; kpf kypthd tpiyapy;
mfg;gLtJk; cz;L.
xU Kiw
mnkupf;fhtpYs;s rpfhNfh efupy; xU Gj;jff; filapy; GFe;Njd;. mq;Nf vOgj;J Ie;J tpOf;fhL
tpw;gid tpiyapy; ,Ue;J fopj;J "kypT tpw;gidapy;" ,uz;L> %d;W> ehd;F
nlhyUf;F epiwag; Gj;jfq;fis Ftpj;J itj;jpUe;jhHfs;. jl;bg; ghHj;jjpy; Rthkp gpughde;jh
vOjp kl;il Nghl;L mofhfg; gjpg;gpj;;jpUe;j gftj; fPij
(Mq;fpy nkhopngaHg;G) ,uz;L nlhyUf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. mjd; cz;ikahd
tpiy 10 mnkupf;f nlhyuhFk;.
gftj; fPij
tlnkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l Ehy;. mjid kfhftp ghujpahH> fz;zjhrd;> GytH Rg. Jsrp Nghd;w
gyH jkpopy; nkhop ngaHj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. jkpo; nkhopngaHg;G Mq;fpy nkhopngaHg;NghL vg;gb
,Uf;fpwnjd;gij xg;gpl;Lg; ghHf;fNt me;jg; Gj;jfj;ij thq;fpNdd;.
,d;ndhU Gfo;ngw;w
gpud;R ehl;Lr; rpe;jidahsH &Nrh vOjpa "rKjha xg;ge;jk;" vd;w Ehy;. Kd;G
gbj;j Ehy;. Mdhy; mjd; gpujp vd;dplk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. vdNt me;j EhYk; ,uz;Nlh %d;Nwh
nlhyUf;Ff; fpilj;jJ ngupa Gijay; fpilj; jkhjpup ,Ue;jJ.
gftj; fPijia
thq;fpdJ me;jg; Gj;jfk; vdf;Fg; gpbf;Fk; vd;gjhy; my;y. gftj; fPij ngupa je;Jt Ehy; vd;W GuhzpfHfSk; ,e;Jkj thjpfSk; GSfpdhYk;
cz;ikapy; mJ rJHtHzj;ijAk; mjd; cl;gpupthd rhjpaikg;igAk; Jhf;fpg;gpbf;fpwjw;fhf
vLjg;gl;l Ehy;. mjpy; rJH tHzk; mehjp vd;Wk; mjidj; jd;dhy;$l khw;wp mikf;f Kbahnjd flTs;
mtjhukhd fpU\;z gukhj;kh mHr;RdDf;F cgNjrpf;fpwhH.
""ehd;F
tHzq;fs; vd;dhy; cz;lhf;fg;gl;lit> mtutHfSf;Fupa fUkq;fis mtutH kPwhky; nra;aNtz;Lk;.
mjid khw;wpr; nray;gl itf;f me;j tHz jHk cw;gj;jpahsdhfpa vd;dhy;$l KbahJ""
“I created the four castes which corresponds to
the different types of Guna and Karma. Though I am its creator, Know me to be incapable of
change”
,jd; rk;];fpUj %yk;
gpd;tUkhW.
""rJHtHzak;
kah ];U\lk; Fz-fHk tpghfr
j];a
fHj;jhukgp khk; tpj;j;afHj;jhu-kt;aak;""
(mjpfhuk;
4 - RNyhfk; 13)
,e;J kjj;jpd;
rhjpf; nfhLikahy; jkpopdk; vg;gb ,uz;lhapuk; rhjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L xl;L nkhj;j
jkpoHfSf;Fk; "#j;jpug;" gl;lk; fl;lg;gl;lJ vd;gijf; fhl;lNt gftj; fPijg;gw;wp
vOj NeHe;jJ. ,e;j Ntw;W ehl;Lg; gz;ghl;Lg; gilnaLg;ghy; jkpopdj;Jf;F Vw;gl;l NfL nfhQ;r
eQ;rky;y.
,d;W$l ,e;j rhjpg;
gpuptpidahy; jkpo;ehl;Lj; jkpoHfs; rhjpf;nfhU
fl;rp itj;Jf; nfhz;L Misahs; mbj;Jf;
nfhs;fpwhHfs;. rhjpNtw;Wik fhl;LtJ rl;lg;gb Fw;wk; vd;whYk; jkpo;ehl;by; rpy
jpUf;Nfhapy;fspYk;> NjePHf; filfspYk;> nghJ ,lq;fspYk; ,d;Wk; jPz;lhik epyTtJ xU
frg;ghd cz;ik.
topfhl;biag;
gpd;njhlu NeHe;jjhy; Gj;jfq;fisj; jl;bg; ghHf;fTk; Kbatpy;iy. thq;fTk; Kbatpy;iy.
ngUk;ghyhd Gj;jfq;fs; nghJTlik gw;wpait vd;gJ mjd; ngaHfspy; ,Ue;J njupe;jJ. NrFtuh>
Nah]; khl;b];> f];l;Nwh> nydpd;> khHf;]; Nghd;wtHfs;gw;wpa Gj;jfq;fs;jhd; Vuhsk;.
me;jg; gf;fj;jhy; jpUk;gp tUk;NghJ ghHf;fyhk; vd;w vz;zj;NjhL topfhl;biag;
gpd;njhlHe;Njhk;. Mdhy; me;j ,lj;ij gpd;dH fz;Lgpbf;f vLj;j Kaw;rp if$ltpy;iy.
,g;NghJ topfhl;b
xU rpd;d N`hl;ly; Kd; epd;whH. vijahtJ Fbg;gjw;F mtfhrk; jUfpwhH vd;W ghHj;jhy; mtH clNd
mnkupf;f ehl;Lg; gpugy Mq;fpy ehtyhrpupaH
Vd];l; nfkpq;Nt (Earnest Hemingway) gw;wpa Guhzj;ij
xg;Gtpf;f Muk;gpj;J tpl;lhH.
nfkpq;Nt 1920k;
Mz;lstpy; fpA+ghtpw;F Nghfj; njhlq;fpdhH. mg;NghJ mtH mnkupf;f ehl;bd; njd; khepyq;fspy;
xd;whd Gsuplhtpd; njw;Nf ,Ue;j gy jPTfspy; xd;whd fP nt];l; (Key West)
y; trpj;J
te;jhH. 1940k; Mz;L mtH jdJ %d;whtJ kidtp kHjh nfy;N`hd; (Martha Gellhorn) mtHfNshL
fpA+ghtpw;Ff; FbNawp 1960k; Mz;Ltiuf;Fk; mq;F trpj;J te;jhH. 1960k; Mz;L cly;eyf; FiwT
fhuzkhf itj;jpak; nra;a mnkupf;fh jpUk;gpatH mLj;j Mz;L jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;L kuzkhdhH.
nfkpq;Nt vOjpa gy ehty;fSf;F fpA+ghjhd; cupg;nghUshf (gpd;Gyk;) ,Ue;jJ. mtuJ ”The Old Man and the Sea”
vd;w ehty;
fpA+ghitg; gpd;Gykhf itj;J vOjg;gl;ljhFk;. mtH vOjpa ,d;ndhU
gpugy;akhd ehty; ""For Whom the Bell Tolls” vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j
Ehy; ,Rg;ghdpa ehl;bd; cs;ehl;Lg; Nghiu gpd;Gykhf itj;J vOjg;gl;lJ. ,e;jg; Gj;jfj;ijg;
gbj;Jj;jhd; nfupy;yhg; Nghuhl;lk; vg;gb ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij 1950fspy; gply; f];w;Nwh fw;Wf;
nfhz;lhuk;.
1950fspy; nfkpq;Nt FbapUe;j fkk; nfhypTl; ebf
ebiffs;> ngupa NfhBRtuHfs;> ehfupf eq;if ek;gpfs; Nghd;NwhUf;F
xU ahj;jpiuj; jykhf ,Ue;jJ.
,d;W$l nfkpq;Ntapd;
epidT fpA+ghtpy; ngupJk; kjpj;;Jg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. nfkpq;Nt jdf;F ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Ff; fpilj;j
Nehgy; gupRj;
njhifia fpA+gh ehl;L kf;fSf;F md;gspg;Gr; nra;jhH vd;why; mtH fpA+ghNthL Mj;khHj;j uPjpahf
itj;jpUe;j cwT vj;jifaJ vd;gJ njupatUk;.
mtH tho;e;j
fkj;Jf;Fg; ngaH Finea Vigia vd;gjhFk;. mJ ,d;W
xU mUq;fhl;rpf; $lkhf khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jf; fkk; `thdhtpy; ,Ue;J 10 fp.kP. Juhj;jpy; cs;s Cojimar vd;w rpwpa
kPd;gpbf; fpuhkj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. me;jf; fkj;jpy; cs;s Ehyfj;jpy; nfkpq;Ntf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd 9>000 Ehy;fs;
,Uf;fpd;wd. Mkhk; 9>000 Ehy;fs;> 900
my;y! mtH cUthf;fpa gy ehty;fisr; jl;lr;Rr;
nra;j jl;lr;R ,ae;jpuKk; ,e;j mUq;fhl;rpf;
$lj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. NkYk; mtH cgNahfpj;j kPd;gpb ts;sq;fs;> mtuJ Gifg;glq;fs;>
Jg;ghf;fpfSk; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
VHd];l; nfkpq;Nt
(VHd];l; vd;w Kjy; ngauhNyNa mtH ,d;W fpA+gh kf;fshy; ngUk;ghYk; miof;fg;gLfpwhH. gg;gh
vd;Wk; mtiu miog;gJz;L) xU nghJTlikthjpay;y. mDjhgp vd;W$lr; nrhy;y KbahJ. Mdhy; 1959k;
Mz;L gply; f];w;Nwh jiyikapy; ,lk;ngw;w Gul;rpia mtH tuNtw;whH.
nfkpq;Ntapd; ngaH
,d;W fpA+ghtpw;F Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis ftHtjw;Fg; ngupJk; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mtuJ Ehw;whz;L
gpwe;jjpd epidT ehs; mz;ikapy; kpfTk; tpkupirahff; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.
,g;NghJ ehq;fs;
epd;wpUe;j Hotel Ambos Mundos jhd; “For Whom the Bell Tolls” vd;w ehtypd;
gpurt miwahFk;. ,e;j N`hl;lypd; 5tJ khbapy; cs;s miwjhd; mtH 1932k; Mz;L njhlf;fk; 1939k;
Mz;Ltiu jq;fp ,Ue;j ,lk;. gfypy; fPNo cs;s ghupy; fpshRk; ifAkhf ,Ug;ghuhk;.
vOJtJ vy;yhk; ,utpy;. me;j miwapy; ,Ue;J ghHj;jhy; mUfpYs;s flw;fiuAk; Catedral de San Cristobal vd;w NjthyaKk; njupAk;. me;j miwapd; ad;dYf;F
ntspNa nfkpq;NtapDila ngaHg; gyifia khl;b itj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.
me;j miwia cs;Ns Ngha;g; ghHg;gjw;F ,uz;L mnkupf;f nlhyH nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. fPNo cs;s tuNtw;G kz;lgk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspdhy; epuk;gp tope;J nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,Rg;ghdpa nkhopg; ghly;fSk; mjw;Nfw;w thj;jpaf; fUtpfspd; XirAk; fhijg; gpse;J nfhz;bUe;jJ. (tsUk;)
fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu
xU
gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......
gioa `thdh I.eh
thy; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; cyf ghuk;gupa efH!
(30 )
1994y;
vLj;j fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb `thdhtpd; kf;fs; njhif
2>175>995 MFk;. mjd; gug;gsT 727 r.fp. kPl;lH ( 281 rJu iky;fs;). fpA+ghtpd; KO
kf;fs; njhifapy; `ghdNwh]; (Habaneros) vd;W
miof;fg;gLk; ,e;j kf;fs; 20 tpOf;fhl;bdH MtH. `thdhjhd; fpA+ghtpd; kpfg; ngupa gl;bdk;
vd;W nrhy;y Ntz;bajpy;iy. `thdhtpw;F mLj;j
ngupa gl;bdkhd rd;bahf;Nfh b fpA+ghit ( Santiago de
Cuba
)tpl `thdhtpd; kf;fs; njhif Ie;J klq;F $LjyhdJ. rd;bahf;Nfh b fpA+ghtpd; kf;fs; njhif
400>000 kl;LNk.
`thdhtpd; kf;fis njhif ,d mbg;gilapy; vt;thW mike;Js;sJ? ,jw;fhd tpil nrhy;tJ rhj;jpak; ,y;iy. fhuzk; fzf;nfLg;gpd;NghJ ""ePq;fs; vd;d ,dk;"" vd;w Nfs;tpia ahUk; Nfl;gjpy;iy. ,q;Nfjhd; nghJTlikj; jj;Jtk; Kw;whff; filg;gpbf;fg; gLfpwJ. kdpj Fyk; vd;w xNu Fye;jhd; cz;L. mijg; gpupj;Jg; ghHg;gij khHf;rPrk; mDkjpg;gjpy;iy. ,Ue;Jk; cj;jpNahfg;gw;ww;w Kiwapy; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; 66 tpOf;fhL nts;is ,dj;jtH. 20 tpOf;fhL fyg;gpdk; (Mullatos), 12 tpOf;fhL fUg;gH. G+HtPff; Fbfs; fpA+ghitf; ifg;gw;wpa ,Rg;ghdpa FbNaw;w thrpfshy; G+z;NlhL xopj;Jf; fl;lg;gl;L tpl;lhHfs; vd;gij Vw;fdNt vOjpAs;Nsd;.
`thdhtpy; Rw;wpg; ghHg;gjw;Fupa Nfhl;il nfhj;jsq;fs; Vuhsk; ,Ue;jd. Kd;dhs; ,Rghdpa
MSeHfspd; khspiffs;> gioa Njthyaq;fs;> ehlhSkd;wk;> mUq;fhl;rp $lq;fs;>
khspiffs; N`hl;ly;fs; Nghd;wit `thdhtpy; fhzg;gl;ld.
fpA+gh 400
Mz;Lfs; ,Rg;ghdpa ehl;bd; nfhydp ehlhf ,Ue;jJ njupe;jNj. ,e;j 400 Mz;Lfhy Ml;rp
tpl;Lg;Nghd tuyhw;Wr; rpd;dq;fs; gy ,Ue;jjpy; tpag;NgJk; ,y;iy.
,yq;ifAk; 450
Mz;Lfs; NghHj;Jf;NfaH> xy;yhe;jH> Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rpf;F
cl;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; mtHfsJ Ml;rpapd; milahskhf mtHfs; ngUk;ghYk; Nfhl;ilfisj;jhd;
tpl;Lg; NghapUf;fpwhHfs;. aho;g;ghzk;> kd;dhH>
jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gl;bdq;fis nfhydp ehLfs; gpbj;J Mz;ljw;F jlakhf Nfhl;ilfisAk;
jz;lthsq;fisAk;jhd; tpl;Lg; NghapUf;fpwhHfs;.
njd;dpyq;ifapy;
mtHfs; tpl;Lg;Nghd milahsr; rpd;dq;fshf ,d;W vQ;rpapUg;gd Nfhl;ilfs;> gioa ghuhSkd;wf;
fl;blk;> nfhOk;G khefurig> nfhOk;G gy;fiyf; fofk; Nghd;witNa.
,tHfNshL ,Rg;ghdpaiu xg;gpl;lhy; `thdhtpy; kl;Lk; Ehw;Wf;Fk; mjpfkhd epidTr; rpd;dq;fis tpl;Ltpl;Lg; NghapUf;fpwhHfs;. mtw;iwnay;yhk; ghHg;gnjd;why; Fiwe;jJ xU khjkhtJ `thdhtpy; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;b ,Uf;Fk;. mtw;iwg; gl;bay; Nghl;Lg; ghHg;Nghkh?
(1) Plaza de la Catedral - ,J `thdhtpy; fhzg;gLk; gy mofhd rJf;fq;fspy; xd;W. fpoik ,Wjpapy; ,e;j rJf;fj;ij iftpidg; nghUl;fis tpw;Fk; mq;fhbfs; epug;Gfpd;wd.
(2) Catedral de San Christóbal de La Habana - Nkw;$wpa rJf;fj;jpy; thdsht caHe;j NfhGuq;fSld; epw;Fk; Njthyak;.
(3) Castillo de la Real Fuerza -mnkupf;fhf; fz;lj;jpNyNa fhzg;gLk; kpfg; gioikahd nfhydpj;Jt fhyj;Jf; Nfhl;il. ,jd; Nkw;Ff; NfhGuk; ntz;fyj;jhy; Ntag;gl;lJ.
(4) La Giraldilla - ,J Kd;dhs; flNyhbfspy; xUtuhd Hernando de Soto tpd; kidtpapd; muz;kid Nghd;w tjptplk;. Hernando de Soto, GswpNlhthtpw;F mz;ikapy; cs;s Fountain of Youth vd;w jPit Njbg; NghdNghJ jd;dpde;jpd;dpfshy; (Cannibals) gpbj;J rhg;gplg;gl;ltH.
(5)Plaza
de Armas - 400 Mz;Lfhykhf fpA+ghtpd; Ml;rp mjpfhuj;jpd;
gPlkhf tpsq;fpa MSeH khspif. ,q;fpUe;J
nfhz;Ljhd; MSeH KOf; fpA+gh ehl;il Ml;rp nra;jhH.
(6)
Palacio de los Capitanes Generales
,Rg;ghdpa> ,uhZt jsgjpfs;> mnkupf;f MSeupd; fk;gPukhd tjptplk;. gpd;dH fpA+gh ehl;L rdhjpgjpapd; ,y;yk;. gpd;dH khefurig. ,g;NghJ mUq;fhl;rpf; $lk;.
(7) Capitolio Nacional - ,J Nth\pq;ldpy; cs;s jiyefH ehlhSkd;wf; fl;blj;jpd; (Capitol Hill) rhaypy; Mdhy; mijtpl fiy mk;rk; epiwe;jJ. 1959k; Mz;Ltiu fpA+gh fhq;fpu]; $Lk; ehlhSkd;wf; fl;blkhf ,J tpsq;fpaJ. ,g;NghJ fpA+gh mwptpay; fy;Yhup kw;Wk; mwptpay;> njhopy;El;g Njrpa Ehyfk; ,jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
(8) `thd Njrpa gy;fiyf; fofk;
(9)
cigar factories
`thdhtpd; kpfg;
gioik tha;e;j RUl;Lj; njhopw;rhiy. ,q;F 400f;Fk; mjpfkhd njhopyhsHfs; Copak; nra;fpwhHfs;.
iffspdhNyNa RUl;Lfis Rw;WfpwhHfs;.
(10) China Town
cyfj;jpd; ve;j
%iyf;Fg; NghdhYk; rPdHfisAk; rPdg; gl;bdq;fisAk; ghHf;fhky; ,Uf;f KbahJ. ,e;jg; nghJ
tpjpf;F `thdhTk; tpyf;fy;y. cyfj;jpd; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; Ie;jpy; xU gq;fpdH rPdHfs;
vd;Dk;NghJ mtHfs; cynfq;Fk; gue;Jgl;L tho;tjpy; tpag;NgJk; ,y;iy.
(11) Plaza de la Revolución-
,e;jg;
Gul;rpr; rJf;fj;ijg;gw;wp Vw;fdNt vOjptpl;Nld;. ,q;Nfjhd; MHg;ghl;lq;fs;> CHtyq;fs;>
$l;lq;fs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. ,e;jr; rJf;fj;jpd;
mUfpy; Memorial
José Martí. apd;
142 kPl;lH cauKs;s epidTr; rpiy cs;sJ.
Nah];
khHl;b fpA+ghtpd; Njrpa tPuuhff; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwhH. ,tiug;gw;wp gpd;dH vOJNtd;. gply;
f];NwhTf;F vjpupfs; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. Mdhy; Nah]; khl;b mg;gbay;y. rpwe;j ftpQUk;>
vOj;jhsUk; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuUkhd Nah]; khHl;b vy;NyhuhYk; xUkdjhfg; Nghw;wg; gLfpwhH.
(12)
Nacional de Cuba Hotel and Riviera
`thdhtpd;
Gfo;tha;e;j Ie;J el;rj;jpu N`hl;ly;fs;. Nghij kUe;J flj;jy; kd;dHfshd khgpah FOtpdhy; fl;lg; ngw;wit. ,q;F f]pNdh vd;W
nrhy;yf; $ba #jhl;l muq;FfSk; cz;L.
(13)
Cristóbal de Colón
,Jjhd; `thdhtpy;
cs;s Kf;fpa ,LfhL. Neupy; ghHj;jNghJ mre;J NghNdhk;. ,J ,LfhLNghy ,y;yhky; xU gspq;F
khspifNghy; Njhw;wk; mspf;fpwJ.
,e;jg; gl;bay;
G+uzkhdjy;y. Mdhy; ,g;Nghijf;F ,J NghJk; vd;W epidf;fpNwd;. gioa `thdhit (La Habana
Vieja) If;fpa
ehLfs; rigapd; cg mikg;ghd UNESCO cyf ghuk;gupa
,lkhf (World Heritage Site) 1982k; Mz;L gpufldg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. efiug; GdH
mikf;Fk; gzp ele;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
vq;fs; topfhl;b
mLj;jjhf NkNy $wg;gl;Ls;s Plaza de Armas
f;F mioj;Jr;
nrd;whH. ehq;fs; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; vd;gjhy; jhkjk; VJkpd;wp cs;Ns GFe;J tpl;Nlhk;. cs;Ns
nry;tjw;Fupa ,uz;L nlhyH fl;lzj;ij topfhl;bNa fl;bapUg;ghH vd;W epidf;fpNwd;.
ey;y fk;gPukhd
khspif. ehw;rhu tPLkhjpupf; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ. nkhj;jk; %d;W khlq;fs;. rpd;dJk; ngupaJkhf
Kg;gJ ehw;gJ miwfs;. eL Kw;wj;jpy; palms vd;W Mq;fpyj;jpy; miof;fg;gLk; ngupa gid kuq;fis
xj;j tlypfs; epiwa ,Ue;jd. fpA+ghtpy; vq;F ghHj;jhYk; ,e;jtif tlypfisg; epiwag;
ghHf;fyhk;. mit ntt;NtW Njhw;wj;jpy;> ntt;NtW tbtj;jpy;> ntt;NtW cauj;jpy; ,Ue;jd.
rpy kuq;fs; mbAk; EdpAk; ngupjhfTk; eLg;gFjp ngz;fspd; ,ilNghy rpwpajhf ,Ue;jd.
,e;j kuq;fs; fpA+gh ehl;Lf;Fj; jdp moif ms;sp ,iwf;fpwJ vd;W nrhd;dhy; mJ kpifay;y. nkhj;jk; 84 tif tlyptif fpA+ghtpy; ,Ug;gjhf topfhl;b nrhd;dhH. mij ek;gyhk; vd;Nw Njhd;wpaJ. ngUk;ghyhdit ntspapy; cs;s jPTfs; my;yJ ehLfspy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L te;J cz;lhf;fg;gl;lit. Vidait me;j kz;Zf;Nf nrhe;jkhd tlypfs;.
Nghfpw tUfpw topapy; vq;NfahtJ vq;fs; CHg; gid kuk; ,Uf;fpwjh vd;W cw;W cw;Wg; ghHj;Njhk;. ve;j
mRkhj;jKk; ,y;iy. Mdhy; fpl;lj;jl;l gid Nghd;w Njhw;wKila kuq;fs; epiwa ,Ue;jd.
fpA+ghtpy;
fhzg;gLk; ,e;j tif tlypfis jkpoPoj;jpy; el;L tsHf;f Ntz;Lk;. jkpoPoj;jpy; mjw;Nfw;w
fhyepiy ,Uf;fpwJ. Fwpg;ghf flw;fiuNahuq;fspy;
mtw;iw cz;lhf;fyhk;.
,g;NghJ Plaza de
Armas khspifia xt;nthU
khlkhf Vwpg; ghHf;f Maj;jkhNdhk;. mjw;F Kd;dH fpA+ghtpd; tuyhW XusT njupe;jpUe;jhy;
gaDilajhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W epidf;fpNwd;. nfhyk;g]; fpA+ghit Kjy; Kiw ghHj;jNghJ ""fz;fs; vg;NghJk; fz;buhj NguoF""
vd;W ghuhl;baij Kd;dH Fwpg;gpl;bUe;Njd;. cyf tuyhw;wpy; mnkupf;ff; fz;lj;ij jw;nrayhff;
fz;L gpbj;J mq;F ,Rg;ghdpaH> gpd;dH Mq;fpNyaH> NghHj;Jf;NfaH> gpud;Rf;fhuH FbNawp
mjidf; fl;bahsg; ghij jpwe;jtH ,e;jf; nfhyk;g]; vd;w flNyhbjhd;. (tsUk;)