cyf tiu glj;jpy; ,Ue;J kiwe;J tpl;l A+Nfhrpyhtpah!

ef;fPud;

mWgj;J %d;W ehad;khHfspy; xUtuhd jpUePyfz;l  ehadhH gw;wpa Guhz tuyhW vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupAk;. ,e;j ehad;khHfsJ tuyhw;iw Nrf;fpohH jpUj;njhz;lH Guhzj;jpy; (ngupaGuhzk;) ghb itj;jpUf;fpwhH.  

jpUePyfz;lH xU ehs; guj;ij xUj;jpapd;  tPl;Lf;Fg;  Ngha; te;jhH. mjidg; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;shj mtuJ kidtpahH '',dp vk;ikj; jPz;Ljy; $lhJ. jPz;bdhy; jpUePyfz;lk;'' vdf;  $wpdhH. ''vk;ik'' vd;gJ vy;yhg; ngz;fisAk; Fwpg;gjhy; ''ehk; ,dp ve;jg; ngz;fisAk; jPz;Ltjpy;iy'' vd cWjp nra;J nfhz;lhH jpUePyfz;lH.   

xU ehs; xU rptNahfpahH jpUePyfz;lH tPl;Lf;F te;jhH. jd;dplk; ,Ue;j xU jpUNthl;ilf; nfhLj;J '',J kpf;f rpwg;Gk; mUikAk; rf;jpAk; tha;e;j XL. ,J cq;fsplk; ,Uf;fl;Lk;. jpUk;gp te;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpNwd;'' vdf; $wptpl;Lg; Ngha;tpl;lhH. jpUePyfz;lH Xl;il kiwthd ,lj;jpy; gj;jpukhf itj;jhH. Mz;Lfs; fope;jd. xU ehs; rptNahfpahH jpUk;gp te;J me;jj; jpUNthl;ilj; jUkhW Nfl;lhH.

cs;Ns Nghd jpUePyfz;lH jhd; itj;j ,lj;jpy; jpUNthL ,y;yhjJ fz;L jpifj;jhH. mJ khakha; kiwe;J tpl;lJ. jpUePyfz;lH jtpj;j jtpg;ig  Nrf;fpohH xU ghly; %yk; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LfpwhH.

vd;W mtHtpiue;J $w
     ,Ue;jtH <e;j XL
nrd; WKd; nfhzHthd; Gf;fhH
     fz;byH jpifj;J Nehf;fp
epd;wtH jk;ikf; Nfl;lhH
     NjbAk; fhzhH khia
xd;Wk; mq;F mwpe;jpyhH jhk;
     ciug;gJ xd;W ,d;wp epd;whH!    (ngupaGuhzk; 380)

mWgJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH ,Uf;Fk; vd;W epidf;fpNwd;. jpUePyfz;l ehadhH fij jpiug;glkhf te;jJ. mjpy; Vopir kd;dH vk;.Nf. jpahfuhr ghftjH jpUePyfz;l ehaduhf ebj;jhH. jpUNthl;ilf; fhzhJ jtpj;jNghJ  ''kiwtha;g; Gijj;j XL kiwe;j khak; ehdwpNad; '' vd;W xU ghl;Lg; ghLthH.

mJ rup. jpUePyfz;lupd; jpUNthl;Lf;Fk; A+Nfhrpyhtpahtpw;Fk; vd;d njhlHG?

md;W kiwtha;g; Gijj;j XL kiwe;j khak; NghyNt ,d;W A+NfhrpNyhtpah Xirg;glhky; cyf tiuglj;jpy; ,Ue;J kiwe;J tpl;lJ!   

A+Nfhrpyhtpah vd;w FbauR fle;j ngg;utup 4Mk; ehs; cyf tiuglj;jpy; ,Ue;J jpUePyfz;lH Gijj;j jpUNthl;ilg; Nghy; kiwe;J tpl;lJ!

A+Nfhrpyhtpahtpw;Fg; gjpy; ,g;NghJ NrHgpah -nkhd;nuePf;Nwh ( Serbia-Montenegro) vd;w Gjpa ,izg;ghl;rp ehL cUthfpAs;sJ.

Mdhy; ,e;j Gjpa ehl;bw;F xg;Gjy; toq;f mnkupf;fh kWj;Jtpl;lJ. fhuzk; Kd;dhs; A+Nfhrpyhtpah Fbaurpd; thuprhf ve;j ehl;ilAk; mnkupf;fh Vw;fj; jahuha; ,y;iy.

A+Nfhrpyhtpah  NrhryPr  Fbauirg; nghWj;jstpy; mJ  jd;idj; jhNd fiuj;Jf;nfhz;Ltpl;lJ (dissolve) vd;Wk; mjpy; ,Ue;J
gpupe;j ve;jf; FbauRk; Kd;ida muR my;yJ ehl;bd; njhlHr;rp vd;W fUj KbahJ vd;fpwJ mnkupf;fh. mnkupf;fhjhd; ,d;W cyfj;jpd; rl;lhk;gps;is. mJ itj;jNj rl;lk;. nrhy;tNj Ntjk;. mnkupf;fhtpd; Kbit vjpHj;J Nky;KiwaPL nra;a topNa ,y;iy.  

nkhd;nuePf;fpNwh  rpwpa ehL. xU fhyj;jpy; nfhbfl;bg;gwe;j A+Nfhrpyhtpah Fbaurpy; ,Ue;j jd;dhl;rp gilj;j 6 FbauRfspy; xd;W.  

1992 ,y; A+NfhrpNytpah Fiye;jNghJ nkhd;nuePf;Nwh NrHgpahNthL Gjpa ,izg;ghl;rp xd;wpy; ,ize;J nfhz;lJ. mg;gb ,izf;fg;gl;l ehl;bd; ngaH A+NrhrpNytpah FbauR vd;gjhFk;.  

nkhd;nuePf;fpNwh ehl;bd; gug;gsT 13>938 r.fp.kPl;lH. jkpoPo epyg;gug;igtplf; (21>650 r.fpkP.)  FiwthdJ. jiyefH nghl;nfhwpfh (Podgorica). kf;fs; njhif 680>158.

nkhd;nuePf;fpNwh Fbaurpd; kf;fs; njhifapy; nkhd;nuePf;NwhtpdH 62 tpOf;fhL. NrHgpaH 9 tpOf;fhL> my;NgdpaH 7 tpOf;fhL> K];ypk; 15 tpOf;fhL> FNuhrpaH 1 tpOf;fhL. VidNahH 6 tpOf;fhL.

NrHgpahtpd; epyg;gug;G 88>412 r.fpkP. jiyefH ngy;fpNwl;.  NrHgpahtpd; kf;fs; njhif 9>981>929.  

NrHgpah kw;Wk; nkhd;nuePf;Nwh ,uz;bd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;G 102>350 r.fpkP.. nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif 10>662>087.

,uz;L FbauRfspd; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; NrHgpaH 63 tpOf;fhL. my;NgdpaH 14 tpOf;fhL. nkhd;nuePf;fpNwhd;]; 6 tpOf;fhL. `q;Nfupad;];; 4 tpOf;fhL. vQ;rpNahH 13 tpOf;fhL.

,e;j ehl;by; ,lk;ngw;w cs;ehl;Lg; NghH> ,lg;ngaHT. ,dr; Rj;jpfupg;G fhuzkhf NkNy nfhLf;fg;gLl;Ls;s kf;fs; njhif jpUj;jkhdJ my;yJ nrk;ikahdJ vd;W vLj;Jf; nfhs;s KbahJ.

,uz;L ,izg;guRfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; vOjg;gl;l cld;gbf;if ,uz;L FbauRfSf;Fk; (Serbia-Montenegro)  G+uz ,iwikia toq;FfpwJ. ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; ntspAwTj; Jiwfspy; kl;Lk; ika (,izg;ghl;rp) murpd; iffspy;  mjpfhuk; ,Uf;Fk;.  

ngy;fpNul; njhlHe;j ,e;j ,izghl;rpapd; jiyefukhf tpsq;Fk;.  

Mdhy; kj;jpa fhg;gfk; kw;Wk; ehzak; jdpj; jdpahf ,Uf;Fk;. NrHgpah gioa bdhH ehzaj;ijj; njhlHe;J gad;gLj;Jk;. nkhd;nuePf;Nwh A+Nwh ehzaj;ijg; gad; gLj;Jk;.  

''',e;j Vw;ghL NrHgpah- nkhd;nuePf;Nwh ,uz;bd; eyd;fSf;Fk; ey;yJ. Nkw;nfhz;L ,izg;ghl;rp njhluyhk;. my;yJ  ,uz;L ehLfSk; Kw;whfg; gpupe;J mjdjd; topapy; nry;yyhk;'' vd NrHgpahtpd; Jizg; gpujkH Miodrag Isakov njuptpj;Js;shH.

,e;j cld;gbf;ifapd;gb ,d;Dk; 3 Mz;Lfs; fopj;J jdp ehl;Lf;fhd  Neub thf;F vLg;G elj;jg;gLk;. 

,g;gbnahU Vw;ghl;Lf;Ff; fhuzk; nkhd;nuePf;Nwhtpy; jdpehl;Lf;fhd Nfhupf;if gykhf ,Ug;gJjhd;. 1998,y; nkhd;nuePf;Nwh ,izg;ghl;rpapd; jiytHfs; ika murpd; mikg;Gf;fisg; Gwf;fzpj;Jg; Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpdhHfs;. mjd; vjpnuhypahf NrHgpahtpYk; gpuptpidf; Nfhupf;if Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.  

,e;j cld;gbf;ifia NrHgpa Njrpathjpfs; gykhff; fz;bj;Js;shHfs;. NrHgpahtpw;Fk; nkhd;nuePf;Nwhtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; tuyhw;W mbg;gilapyhd cwT ePbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mtHfsJ thjk;. 

Vojislav   Seselj vd;w ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdH NgRk;NghJ '',g;NghJ ePq;fs; vd;d nra;fpwPHfs; vd;why; rPHjpUj;jk; vd;w ngaupy; xU KOikahd fiyg;gpw;Fk; 75 Mz;Lfhykhf njhlHe;J ,Ue;J te;j A+Nfhrpyhtpah vd;w ngaiu  tuyhw;Wf;Fk;  mDg;gpitf;fpwPHfs;' vdf; fhl;lkhfg; NgrpdhH.  

kpNyhrptpf;fpd; NrhryPrf; fl;rp cWg;gpdH myf;rhd;lH rpkpf; (Aleksander Simic) NgRk;NghJ ''vdJ vz;zg;gb A+Nfhrpyhtpah kpf ey;y ehL. mij mopg;gjw;F Vd; gyH Jbf;fpwhHFs; vd;gJ vdf;F tpsq;ftpy;iy'' vd;whH. 

Mdhy; A+Nrhrpyhtpahtpd; Kd;dhs; gpujkH Dragisa Pesic NgRk;NghJ ,g;NghJ nfhz;Ltug;gl;l rPHjpUj;jj;jk; eyk; gaf;fpw xU eltbf;if vd;whH. ''Gjpa muR xU etPd nry;tr; nropg;ghd ehlhfj; jpfo ey;y tha;g;gpUf;fpwJ'' vd ek;gpf;if njuptpj;jhH.  

,d;Dk; 3 Mz;Lfspy; 680>158 kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l nkhd;nuePf;Nwh ehl;Lf;F Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jhy; mJ Vida rpWghd;ik ,dq;fs; kj;jpapy; gpuptpid ,af;fq;fs; Njhd;Wtjw;F mr;rthuk; itj;J tpLk; vd;W  INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; gag;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf nfhNrhtpaH kj;jpapy; mg;gbahd gpuptpid ,af;fk; cUthFk; tha;g;Gf;fs; mjpfk; ,Uf;fpwJ. 

tpiutpy; 126 cWg;gpdHfs; nfhz;l xU Gjpa ehlhSkd;wj;Jf;Fj; NjHjy; eilngw ,Uf;fpwJ. ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; ,g;NghJs;s mur ,ae;jpuk; njhlHe;J nray;gLk;. Mdhy; ];Nyhnghld; kpNyhrptpf;ifg; (Sloboden Milosevic) gjtpapy;  ,Ue;J  Juj;jpa   ,e;ehs;   rdhjpgjp Vojislav Kostunica NjHjy; eilngWk;  tiu ve;jg; gjtpAk; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fg; NghfpwhH. Gjpa ehlhSkd;we;jhd; Gjpa rdhjpgjpiaj; njhpT nra;a ,Uf;fpwJ. 

NrHgpa kf;fsJ tuyhW xU Nrhf tuyhW. NrHgpah (A+Nfhrpyhtpah)  gy;ypd kf;fs; thOk; ehL. ,dq;fSf;F ,ilNa tuyhw;W Kiwahd gifik ,Ue;J te;jJ. mt;tg;NghJ mJ Rje;jpuehlhf tpsq;fp te;jJ. Mdhy; fpgp 1389,y; JUf;fp  NrHgpah kPJ gilnaLj;J mjd; epyg;gug;gpd; ngUk; gFjpiaj; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L te;jJ.  

1459Mk; Mz;L NrHgpahit JUf;fp Kw;whfg; gpbj;jJ. mjd; gpd;  Ie;J Ehw;whz;L fhyj;Jf;F xl;lkhd; Nguurpd; ,Uk;Gg; gpbf;Fs; mJ itf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.                                                                                           

xl;lkhd; NguuR ,];yhkpa murhf ,Ue;jjhy; fpwpj;jtHfshd NrHgpaHfs; mbikfs;Nghy;  kpfTk; Nftykhf elj;jg;gl;lhHfs;. mtkhdg;gLj;jg;gl;lhHfs;.  (tsUk;)

cyf tiuglj;jpy; ,Ue;J kiwe;Jtpl;l A+Nfhrpyhtpah!

ef;fPud;

(2) 

,];yhkpa kjthj xl;lkhd; Nguurpd; mlf;FKiwf;F Mshd NrHgpaH efuq;fistpl;L ePq;fp  kiyg;gpuNjrq;fspy; FbNaw tho;e;jhhHfs;.  efuq;fspy; tho;e;jNghJ iftpidg; nghUl;fs;> Ruq;fNtiy kw;Wk; tzpfk; Kjypa njhopy;fs; nra;J gpioj;j NrHgpaHfs; Gjpa #oypy;  fhy;eil tsHj;jy;> tptrhak; Nghd;w njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;lhHfs;.  

INuhg;gpa ehLfSk; mT];jpupahTk (Austria ) JUf;fpf;F vjpuhf xl;lkhd; Nguurpd; fPo; tho;e;j NrHgpaHfsJ cjtpAld; gy Aj;jq;fis elj;jpd. JUf;fp-mT];jpupah ,ilapy; ele;j Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ (1593-1605) NrHgpaHfs; JUf;fpf;F vjpuhf fpsHr;rp nra;jhHfs;. gjpybahf JUf;fp Ry;jhd; NrHgpaHfshy; Nghw;wg;gLk; gup.rhth (St. Sava)  mtHfsJ capuw;w cliyf; nfhSj;jp mopj;jhH.  

NrHgpaHfs; NfH];nfhtpdh (Hersgovina) vd;w gpuNjrj;jpy; ,d;ndhU vjpHg;G ikaj;ij cUthf;fp JUf;fpf;F vjpuhfr; nray;gl;lhHfs;.   

Mdhy; Aj;jj;ij epWj;j JUf;fpAk;-mT];jpupahTk; cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lNghJ NrHgpaH jq;fs; vjpH eltbf;iffisf; iftpl Ntz;b Neupl;lJ. ,g;gb Aj;jk;> mikjp cld;gbf;if kPz;Lk; Aj;jk; vd;w toik mLj;j gy Ehw;whz;Lfshfj; njhlHe;jJ.  

1683-1690 ,y; JUf;fpf;Fk; mT];jpupah> Nghye;J kw;Wk; ntdp]; ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; njhlHe;J ngupa Aj;jk; ele;jJ. mT];jpupah> Nghye;J kw;Wk; ntdp]; ehLfSf;F ,ilapyhd Gdpj $l;lzpia (Holy Alliance ) Nghg;ghz;ltNu cUthf;fp ,Ue;jhH. ,e;j Gdpj $l;lzp ehLfs; NrHgpaiu JUf;fpf;F vjpuhf fpsHe;J vOkhW Jhz;baJ.  NrHgpaHfsJ fpsHr;rp Nghy;fd; gpuNjrk; KOJk; gutpaJ. NrHgpaHfs; JUf;fpf;F vjpuhff; fue;jbj; jhf;Fjypy; <Lgl;lhHfs;.

xU fl;lj;jpy; mT];jpupah jdJ gilia gpd;thq;f KbT nra;jJ. mg;NghJ NrHgpaHfis tlf;F Nehf;fp jdJ gpuNjrj;Jf;F tUkhW mT];jpupah Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lJ. JUf;fpapd; mlf;FKiw Ml;rpapy; mlq;fp xLq;fp tho;tjh my;yhJ gpwe;j kz;iz tpl;L tlf;F Nehf;fp ,lk;ngaHe;J tho;tjh vd;W jPHkhdpg;gJ NrHgpaHfSf;F ,yFthf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,Wjpapy; ngUk;ghd;ikapdH (RkhH 30>000-40>000 FLk;gq;fs;)  ,lk; ngaHtJ vd KbTf;F te;jhHfs;.

NrHgpaHfs; tpl;L ePq;fpa gpuNjrk; ntwpr;NrhbaJ. ,Jjhd; jUzk; vd;W vz;zpa JUf;fp vQ;rpapUe;j gpuNjr (nfhnrhth>  k];Nlhdpah....) kf;fis ,];yhkpa kjj;ij jOtkhW mOj;jk; nfhLj;J mjpy; ntw;wpAk; fz;lJ.

,g;NghJ Nghy;f;fd; gpuNjrj;jpy; fzprkhd K];ypk;fs; ,Ug;gjw;F ,e;j tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpjhd; fhuzk;.  

Vida kjj;jtHfisg; Nghy ,y;yhky; ,];yhk; kjj;ijj;  tpUk;gpNah my;yJ fl;lhaj;jpd; NgupNyh jOGtHfs; jq;fs; ngaHfis muGg; ngaHfshf khw;wp jq;fsJ ,d milahsj;Jf;Fg; gjpy; kj milahsj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;L tpLfpwhHfs;. ,tHfs; midtUf;Fk; ,];yhkpa r%fj;jpy;  rk cupik rk gbepiy (status)  ,ay;ghfNt fpilj;JtpLfpwJ.  

,d;W tl mnkupf;fhtpy; kpf Ntfkhf tsHe;J tUk; kjk; ,];yhk;jhd;.  mnkupf;f fUg;G ,dj;jtH gyH ,];yhk; kjj;jpw;F kjk; khwp tUfpwhHfs;. fpwpj;Jt rkaj;jp;y; fpilf;fhj rkTupik rNfhuj;Jtk; ,];yhk; kjj;jpy; fpilf;fpwJ vd;gNj kjkhw;wj;Jf;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzpahFk;.  

xl;lkhd; Nguurpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; NrHgpaHfs; fl;lha kjk; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lhHfs;. gyH fLikahd tupfspy; ,Ue;J jg;Gtjw;F jq;fs;  kjj;ij khw;wpf; nfhz;lhHfs;. vt;thwhapDk; kjk; khwpa NrHgpaHfis MSk; JUf;fpaHfs; jq;fspy; xUtuhf elj;jpdhHfs;.    

JUf;fp-mT];jpupa ehLfSf;F ,ilapy; Aj;jk; (1716-1718) kPz;Lk; %z;lJ. ,k;KiwAk; NrHgpaHfs; mT];jpupah gf;fk; epd;W NghuhbdhHfs;. Aj;jk; ngh];dpah> n`H];nfhtpdh (Herzehobina) ngy;fpNwl;> lDhg; gs;sj;jhf;F  (Danube basin ) vq;Fk; gutpaJ. Aj;j Kbtpy; xU mikjp cld;ghL JUf;fpf;Fk; mT];jpupahTf;Fk; ,ilapy; vOjg;gl;lJ. ,e;j cld;gbf;ifapd; tpisthf  JUf;fp lDhg; gs;sj;jhf;F> tl NrHgpah> tl ngh];dpah Nghd;w ,lq;fis Kw;whf ,oe;jJ.

mT];jpupah - JUf;fp ,ilapyhd filrp Aj;jk; 1788-1791 ,y; ele;jJ. me;j Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; ngaH Lgpf;fh (Dubica War ) vd;gJ. ,e;jKiwAk; mT];jpupaH JUf;fpf;F vjpuhf fpsHe;J vOkhW ngh];dpahtpy; tho;e;j fpwp];jtHfisf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhHfs;.   

1877 Vg;wpy; 12 Mk; ehs; NrHgpahTk; nkhd;nuePf;fpNwhTk; xl;lkhd; Nguurpd; kPJ NghHg; gpufldk; nra;jd. mNj rkak; cUrpahit Mz;l ,uz;lhtJ mnyf;rhe;lH xl;lkhd; NguuRf;F vjpuhfg; NghHg; gpufldk; nra;jhH. 1878 ngg;utup 19,y; cUrpag; gilfs; Plevna vd;w efiuf; ifg;gw;wpaJ. mNj Mz;L cUrpah- xl;lkhd; NguuR ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; mikjp cld;gbf;if ifr;rhj;jhdJ. 

NrHgpah> nkhd;uePf;Nwh kw;Wk; NwhNkdp;ah ehLfspd; Rje;jpuj;ij xl;lkhd; NguuR mq;fPfupj;jJ. 

gpd;dH 1912.,y; NrHgpahtpw;Fk; JUf;fpf;Fk; ,ilapy; ele;j Aj;jj;jpy; JUf;fpapd; vr;r nrhr;r Ml;rp Kw;whf KbTf;F te;jJ. KjyhtJ cyf kfh Aj;jk; Muk;gpj;jNghJ Nghy;f;fd; gpuNjrk; rpW rpW ehLfshfr; rpjWz;L fple;jd.                                                                                                                                                                    

1914 A+d; 14 ,y; mT];jpupa kd;dH Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand  ngh];dpad; NrHgpaH xUtuhy; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhH. me;jf; nfhiy KjyhtJ cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpw;fhd nfhbNaw;wk; Mf mike;Jtpl;lJ.

Aj;j Kbtpy; ntw;wp ngw;w el;G ehLfs; Nghy;f;fd; gpuNjrj;ij $WNghl Kide;jd. mjw;fhf mT];Nwh-`q;Nfup NguuR (  Austro-Hungarian empire) Jz;lhlg;gl;lJ. 1918,y; NrHgpaH> FNuhrpaH> gyN;fupad;];> my;Ngdpad;];> krpNlhdpad;]; xd;whf ,ize;J NrHgpaHfspd; ,uhr;rpak;  (Kingdom of  Serbs  ) vd;w muir  cUthf;fpdhHfs;. gpd;dH 1929Mk; Mz;L mJ A+Nfhrpyhtpah vd;W ngaH khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.  A+Nfhrpyhtpah vd;why; njd; ];yht; muR (South Slav state)  vd;W nghUs; gLk;.                                                      

1934Mk; Mz;L A+Nfhrpyhtpah kd;dH mnyf;rhe;jH krpNlhdpah Gul;rpthjpfshy; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhH. ,ijj; njhlHe;J Nghy;f;fd; ehLfspy;  Gul;rp ,af;fq;fs;> Njrpa ,af;fq;fs; jiyJhf;fpd.

,uz;lhtJ cyf Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ ehrp n[Hkdp INuhg;gpa ehLfs; kPJ gilnaLj;J mtw;iw Mf;fpukpj;jNghJ A+Nfhrpyhtpah ,df; FOf;fsplk; gpsT Vw;gl;lJ. ghjpg; NgH n[Hkdpaiu ''tpLtpg;ghsH'' (Liberators))  vdf; $wp tho;j;jp tuNtw;wdH. kPjpg; NgH ehrp n[Hkdpia vjpHj;jdH.

n[Hkdpapd; Mf;fpukpg;ig vjpHj;J ,uz;L nfupy;yh ,af;fq;fs; Nghupl;ld. mjpy; xd;W khH\y; Nahrpg; Gw]; jpj;Njh (Josip Broz Tito )  jiyikapy; Nrhtpaj; ehl;bd; MjuNthL Nghupl;lJ.

1943Mk; Mz;L kd;duhl;rp xopf;fg;gl;L jpj;Njh jiyikapy; NrHgpah> FNuhrpah> ];Nyhtpdh> ngh];dpah-NfH];nfhtpdh> krpNlhdpah> nkhd;nuePf;Nwh FbauRfs; mlq;fpa  rkTlik A+Nfhrpyhtpa ,izg;Gf; FbauR (Yugolovia  Federal Socialist Republic ) gpufldg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ. rdhjpgjp jpj;Njh fyg;G ,dj;jtH. ,e;jf; Fbaurpy; NrHgpaHfNs ngUk;ghd;ik ,dj;jtuhf tpsq;fpdhHfs;.    

A+Nfhrpyhtpa FbauRfspd; vy;iyfis A+Nfhrpyhtpa fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpNa jPHkhdpj;jJ. mJ ,dthup mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUf;ftpy;iy. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf FNuhrpah FbauNrhL NrHgpa ngUk;ghd;ik gpuNjrk; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; FNuhrpahtpd; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; 20 tpOf;fhL NrHgpa ,dj;jtHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;.

,g;gb FNuhrpahNthL NrHgpa ngUk;ghd;ik gpuNjrj;ij ,izj;jjw;F xU cs;she;juf; fhuzk; ,Ue;jJ. FNuhrpaHfs; jdpehL xd;wpid cUthf;Ftjw;F NrHgpaHfs; jilahf ,Ug;ghHfs; vd;w ek;gpf;ifNa me;jf; fhuzkhFk;.

NrHgpaHfs; A+Nfhrpyhtpa FbauRspy; xd;whd FNuhrpa Fbaurpd; Fbkf;fshf ,Ue;j fhuzj;jhy; NrHgpaHfs; ,y;yhj jdp Rje;jpu FNuhrpa FbauRf;fhd Mapuk; Mz;L fhyf; fdT 1991tiu  epiwNtwhJ Ngha;tpl;lJ.   

FNuhrpa Fbaurpy; kl;Lky;y Vida FbauRfspYk; fzprkhd NrHgpaHfs; tho;e;jhHfs;. 1974 Mk; Mz;by; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Gjpa murpay; ahg;G FNuhrpaH> ];NyhtpdpaHfs;> K];ypk;fs; kw;Wk; my;NgdpaHfsJ Njrpa czHitAk; gpuptpid czHitAk; mjpfupf;fr; nra;jJ.

mjpgH jpj;Njhtpd; jiyikapy; A+Nfhrpyhtpah fk;A+dpr ehLfs; gpd;gw;wpa ''fl;lisj; jpl;lk;'' (“Command Planning”)  vd;w nghUshjhu khjpup Kiwf;Ff; gjpy; ''re;ij NrhryPr'' ("Market Socialism" ) nghUshjhu khjpup Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpaJ.  

,jdhy; ngUk;ghYk; tptrha ehlhf ,Ue;j A+Nfhrpyhtpah eLj;ju ifj;njhopy; ehlhf khwpaJ. cyf muq;fpy; mzp Nruh ehLfspd; Kd;dzp ehlhf A+Nfhrpyhtpah tpsq;fpaJ. nfhydpj;Jt gpbapy; ,Ue;j ehLfspd; tpLjiyf;F mJ MjuT toq;fpaJ.

NkYk; mjpgH jpj;Njh mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; Nrtpaj; ty;yuRf;fSf;F ,ilapy; gf;fk; rhuhJ ,uz;Lf;Fk; ey;y gps;isahf ele;J nfhz;lhH. Mdhy; Nrhtpaj; ehl;bd; rHthjpfhupahf NahNrg; ];lhypd; ,Ue;jNghJ me;j ehl;bd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; tu kWj;J mjNdhL mtH Kuz;gl;Lf; nfhz;lhH.

1980,y; mjpgH jpj;Njh fhykhdhH. mtuJ kiwNthL ,Uk;Gg; gpbf;Fs; mtH itj;jpUe;j A+Nfhrpyhtpah FbauR rpjw Muk;gpj;jJ. jpj;Njhtpd; ,lj;Jf;F Row;rp Kiwapy; xd;gJ NgH epakpf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. 1985,y; ];Nyhnghld; kpNyhrptpf; mjpfhuj;Jf;F te;jhH.  ,tH my;NgdpaHfSf;F vjpuhd Nghf;iff; filg;gpbj;jhH. xU mfz;l NrHgpahit (''Greater Serbia'") cUthf;FtJ mtuJ fdthf ,Ue;jJ.

1985Mk; Mz;lstpy; A+Nfhrpyhtpah ghupa nghUshjhu neUf;fbiar; re;jpj;jJ.  ngupa ngupa njhopw;rhiyfspy; cw;gj;jpahd nghUl;fSf;F re;ij tha;g;G ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpl;lJ. njhopw;rhiyfis epWt Nkw;Fyf ehLfsplj;Jk; cyf tq;fp Nghd;w epjp epWtdq;fsplj;Jk; thq;fpa flid milf;f Kbahky; mJ jpz;lhbaJ. midj;Jyf epjp epWtdk; nfhLj;j flidj; jpUg;gp milf;FkhW neUf;fpaJ.  

1979-1984Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; A+Nfhrpyhtpahtpd; tUtha; 30 tpOf;fhL tPo;r;rp mile;jJ. mNj rkak; 1988,y;   tpiythrp caHT 200 tpOf;fhlhf caHe;jJ. Ntiyapy;yhNjhH njhif mjpfupj;jJ. ,it kf;fsJ nghUshjhu Rikia NkYk; mjpfupjj;J. kf;fs; jpz;lhbdhHfs;.

cz;ikapy; 1974,y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Gjpa ahg;gpd; gpd;dH A+Nfhrpyhtpah ,izg;ghl;rp (federal) vd;w Njhw;wj;ij tpl;L $l;lhr;rp   (confederal) Mf cUkhwptpl;lJ. xt;nthU ,izg;ghl;rp murpd; MSk; tFg;G (bureaucracy)  ika murpd; fl;lisfis nry;yhf; fhrhf;f Muk;gpj;jJ.   rdhjpgjp jpj;Njhtpd; MSik xd;Nw me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; me;j ehL rpjWz;L Nghfhky; fhg;ghw;wpaJ. (tsUk;)

cyf tiuglj;jpy; ,Ue;J kiwe;Jtpl;l A+Nfhrpyhtpah!

ef;fPud;

(3)

gj;jhz;L fhykhf ele;j cs;ehl;Lg; NghH fhuzkhf A+Nfhrpyhtpah nghUshjhu neUf;fbf;F cs;shdJ.  

kuj;jhy; tpOe;jtid khNlwp kpjpj;j fijahf mnkupf;f fhq;fpu]; 1990 nehntk;gH  5,y; Kd;dwptpj;jy; vJTkpd;wp A+Nfhrpyhtpahtpw;fhd rfy fld; kw;Wk; epjpAjtpfis ntl;baJ.  ,jdhy; A+Nfhrpyhtpah me;epa thzpf Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp nra;a Kbahky; jpzwpaJ.  

NkYk; A+Nfhrpyhtpa Fbauirf; Fiyf;Fk; Nehf;NfhL  Rje;jpukhd NjHjy; eilngwhtpl;lhy; rdehafj;Jf;fhfg; NghuhLk; Njrpa mikg;GfSf;F Neubg; nghUshjhu cjtp nra;ag;gLk; vd mnkupf;f mwptpj;jJ. mNj rkak; rpIV csT mikg;G Rje;jpuk; Nfl;Lg; NghuhLk; mikg;GfSf;F kiwKf epjpAjtp mspf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ.

nghUshjhuj;ij epkpHj;j tof;fkhff; iff;nfhs;sg;gLk; nghUshjhu rPHjpUj;jk;> jdpahHkak;> Mlk;gur; nrytpy; ntl;L vd;w  kUe;Jfs;  cl;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. Mdhy; mit ve;jtpj gaidAk mspf;ftpy;iy. muR mKy;gLj;jpa nghUshjhu  ''rPHjpUj;jk;'' ehlshtpa NtiyepWj;jk; kw;Wk; Nguzpfs; Nghd;w mur vjpHg;G eltbf;iffisj; Jhz;btpl;lJ.  

1985Mk; Mz;L Nrhtpaj; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapd; nghJr; nrayhsH vd;w Kiwapy; fkpf;fhapy; nfhHgnrht; (Mikhail Gorbatschow ) Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaj;jpd;  Ml;rpj; jiytuhf te;jhH.  Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaj;jpd; Ml;;rpf; fapW  mtH ifapy; ,Ue;jJ. mtuJ jpwe;j kw;Wk; Njhw;w khw;wk; ( Glasnost and Perestroika ) Nfhl;ghl;bd; jhf;fKk; nry;thf;Fk; Vida fk;A+dp];l; ehLfSf;Fk; gutpaJ. A+Nfhrpyhtpah mjw;F tpjptpyf;fhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. FNuhrpah kw;Wk; ];Nyhtpdpahtpy; ,aq;fpa kWg;G ,af;fq;fs; (dissident movements )  jkJ rdehaf cupikfSf;Ff; Fuy; vOg;gj; njhlq;fpd.

NrHgpahtpy; tho;e;j my;Ngdpa rpWghd;ikapdH jq;fSf;F A+Nfhrpyhtpa Fbaurpd; fPo; jd;dhl;rp Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jpg; NghuhbdhHfs;.    

1889,y; ngHypd; RtH  ,bf;fg;gl;lJ. mLj;j Mz;L (1990) Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; cUf; Fiye;jJ. 1991 bnrk;gH 8,y; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; 74 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;dH cj;jpNahfG+Htkhf fiyf;fg;gl;lJ. mjw;F <lhf 12 Rje;jpuehLfspd; nghJey mikg;G cUthfpaJ.

,tw;why; A+Nfhrpyhtpahtpd; murpay; cWjpg;ghL <lhbg; NghdJ. NrHgpah kw;Wk; nkhd;nud;ePf;Nwh fk;A+dp];l; Ml;rpf;F thf;fspj;jd. Mdhy; FNuhrpah> ];Nyhtpdh> krpNlhdpah kw;Wk; ngh];dpah-n`H];nfhtpdh Rje;jpug; ghijiaj; NjHe;njLj;jd.   

A+Nfhrpyhtpahtpy; cWg;Gupik tfpj;j FNuhrpahTk; ];NyhNtdpahTk; A+d; 25> 1991 ,y; Rje;jpug;gpufldk; nra;Jtpl;L jdp ehLfshfg; gpupe;jd. ,e;j ,uz;L ehLfisAk; I.ehLfs; mit 1992 rdtupapy; Gjpa ehLfshf mq;fPfupj;jJ.

1991Mk; Mz;L nehntk;gH khjk; krpNlhdpah Rje;jpug; gpufldk; nra;jJ. rz;il ,y;yhky; mikjp top A+Nfhrpyhtpahtpy; ,Ue;J gpupe;j xNu ehL krpNlhdpahjhd;.  

,jidj; njhlHe;J ngh];dpah 1992 ngg;utup khjj;jpy; jd;id Rje;jpuehlhfg; gpufldg;gLj;jpaJ. mNj Mz;L Vg;upy; khjj;jpy; mjw;F I.eh. mitapd;  mq;fPfuhuk; fpilj;jJ.

mNj rkak; A+Nfhrpyhtpah (vQ;rpa) I.eh.mitapy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;lJ.

kpNyhrptpf; vjpHg;ghsHfis  mlf;fpdhH. 1991,y; ,uhZtj;ij ];Nyhtpdpahtpw;F mDg;gp itj;jhH.  mNj Mz;L NrHgpah FNuhrpah kPJ gilnaLj;jJ. Tf;ftH kw;Wk; Lg;nwht;dpf; (Vukovar and Dubrovnik )  efuq;fs; Fz;Lj; jhf;FjYf;F ,yf;fhfpd. Aj;jk; mz;il ehlhd ngh];dpahTf;Fg; gutpaJ. mq;F tho;e;j FNuhrpaH> NrHgpaH> K];ypk; ,dj;jtHfs; me;j ehl;ilj; jq;fs; jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F nfhz;Ltu rz;il gpbj;jhHfs;.  

cs;ehl;Lg; NghH Muk;gpf;f Kd;dH ngh];dpah ehl;by; FNuhrpaH 17tpOf;fhL> NrHgpaH 33tpOf;fhL> K];ypk;fs; 44 tpOf;fhL vd;w xOq;fpy; tho;e;jhHfs;. NrHgpah ,uhZtk; ngh];dpahtpy; tho;e;j NrHgpaUf;F Mjuthfg; NghuhbaJ. ,jid Nkw;Fyfk; '',dr; Rj;jpfupg;G'' vd tHzpj;J NrHgpahit fz;ldk; nra;jJ.  

FNuhrpaHfSk; K];ypk;fSk; mz;il ehLfSf;F mfjpfshf Xbj; jQ;rk; GFe;jhHfs;. Aj;jj;jpy; fpilj;j ntw;wp %yk; NrHgpaHfs;  ngh];dpahtpd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 70 tpOf;fhl;il jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L te;jhHfs;. Mdhy; 1995 Nfhil fhyj;jpy; FNuhrpaHfs; NrHgpaiuj; jpUg;gpj; jhf;fpajpy;  ngUksT epyg;gug;ig kPsf; ifg;gw;wpdhHfs;.

1995 nehntk;gH khjk; 21Mk; ehs;  Dayton  mikjp xg;ge;jk; XifNahtpy; (Ohio) ifr;rhj;jhdJ. mjpy; bnrk;gH 14Mk; ehs; guprpy; ngh];dpah> FNuhrpah> NrHgpah jiytHfs; ifnaOj;jpl;lhHfs;. me;j mikjp xg;ge;jj;ij mKy;g;gLj;j  45>000 Nel;Nlh gilapdH mq;F  mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lhHfs;.

1995 Mz;L Mf];l; 30 njhlq;fp   Nel;Nlh ehLfs;> my;Ngdpah nfhnrhNth (Kosovo)  khfhzj;jpy; (NrHgpahtpd; njd; khfhzk;) thOk; my;NgdpaHfSf;F vjpuhf NrHgpah ,dg;gLnfhiy  nra;tjhff;  Fw;wk; rhl;b mjd;  kPJ Nel;Nlh ehLfs; ,iltplhj Fz;Lj; jhf;Fjiy Nkw;nfhz;ld. ,e;jf; Fz;L tPr;rpy; mnkupf;f tpkhdq;fs; kl;Lk; 31>000 Fz;Lfis  tPrpaJ. mg;NghJ Fiwe;j rf;jp tha;e;j A+Nwdpak; (depleted uranium ) G+rg;gl;l Fz;Lfis mnkupf;fh  tPrpajhf  NrHgpah gfpuq;fkhff; Fw;wk; rhl;baJ.

gpd;dH nfhNrhthtpy; tho;e;j my;Ngdpa nkhop NgRk; rpWghd;ikapdUf;Fk; mz;il ehlhd krpNlhdpahtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; vy;iyr; rz;il %z;lJ.                                                      

mnkupf;fh ,e;j Aj;jj;jpy; Kk;kukhfj; jiyapl Kf;fpa fhuzk;  ,Ue;jJ. A+Nfhrpyhtpahitj;  Jz;lhLtjd; %yk; fpof;F INuhg;gh kw;Wk; Nghy;bf; gpuNjrk; kPJ jdJ murpay; nghUshjhu ,uhZt nry;thf;if tpupthf;fp cUrpahit jdpikg; gLj;JtJ mjd; murpay; ,uhZt ,yf;fhf ,Ue;jJ.

,e;j cs;ehl;L Aj;jj;jpy; ghupa kdpj kPwy; Fw;wq;fis ,ioj;j Kd;dhs; A+NfhrpNyhtpah Ml;rpj; jiytH ];Nyhnghnld; kpNyhrptpf; (Sloboden Milosevic) cl;glg;  gy murpay; thjpfs; ,uhZtthjpfs; ,dg;gLnfhiy kw;Wk; kdpjj;Jtj;jpw;F vjpuhd Fw;wq;fSf;fhf N`f;fpy; (Hague ) ,Uf;Fk; midj;Jyf  ePjpkd;wj;jpd;  Kd;  tprhuizf;F epWj;jg;gl;Ls;shHfs;.  tprhuiz njhlHe;J eilngWfpwJ.

Rje;jpug; ghijiaj; NjHe;njLj;j FNuhrpah ehl;bd;  gug;gsT 56>542 r.fpkP. kf;fs; njhif 4>390>751. (A+iy 2002 kjpg;gPL).  ];NyhNtdpah gug;gsT 20>273 r.iky;. kf;fs; njhif  1>932>917 (A+iy 2002).  krpNlhdpah gug;gsT 25>333 r.fpkP. kf;fs; njhif 2>054>800 (2001).

,jw;fhd jPHkhdk; A+Nfhrpyhtpa ehl;L fPoit Nkyit ,uz;bYk; KiwNa 26-7> 84-31 thf;Ffshy; epiwNtwpaJ. INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; (European Union ) ,jd; gps;isg;NgWf;F kUj;Jtpr;rpahfr; nray;g;gl;lJ. fle;j Mz;L Nghy;f;fdpy; Gjpjhf ,dNkhjy;fs; ntbg;gijj; jtpw;gjw;fhfNt INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; ,e;j tplaj;jpy; jiyapl;L ,zf;fg;ghl;ilf; fhz cjtpaJ. 

1992,y; NrHgpah- nkhd;nuePf;Nwh A+Nfhrpyhtpah Fbaurpy; njhlHe;J ,Ug;gjw;F xj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; gpd;dH ,uz;L muRfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwtpy; tpupry; Vw;glj; njhlq;fpaJ. Fwpg;ghf Kd;dhs; A+Nfhrpyhtpah rdhjpgjp ];Nyhnghld; kpNyhnrhtpf; (Sloboden Milosevic ) gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; ,uz;L muRfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwtpy; KWfy; epiy Vw;gl;lJ.  

A+Nfhrpyhtpah ehl;bd; tuyhW nrhy;ypj; jUk; ghlq;fs; vit?  

(1)  xU ehl;bd; vy;iyf; NfhLfs; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; my;y. mit fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; mopj;J vOjg;glyhk;. Vd; ehl;bd; tiuglj;ijNa mopj;J tplyhk;. A+Nfhtpyhtpah Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaj;jpd; kiwTf;Fg; gpd;dH 20 Rje;jpu  ehLfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;ws;sd.  

(2) Rz;ilf;fha; ehLfs;$l Rje;jpu ehLfshfj; Njhw;wk; nfhs;syhk;! mtw;wpd; cUtj;Jf;Fk; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk; njhlHG ,y;iy.  

(3) cs;ehl;L tptfhuk;> ,iwik> gpuNjrf; fl;Lg;ghl;L vd;w jpiufSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; xspe;J nfhz;L ,dg; gLnfhiy elhj;j KbahJ.  mjid cyf ehLfs; (mnkupf;fh cl;gl ) mDkjpf;ftpy;iy.  

,d;W cyfj;jpy; rpWghd;ik Njrpa ,dq;fisr; rhHe;j 80 Nfhb kf;fs; jq;fs; Rje;jpuj;Jf;Fk; tpLjiyf;Fk; NghuhbtUfpwhHfs;.

epyk;> tuyhW> nkhop> gz;ghL ,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa ,dq;fshf fzpf;fg;gLk; xt;nthU ,dj;Jf;Fk; jd;dhl;rp cupik toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;. mg;gbr; nra;tjd; %yNk epue;ju cyf rkhjhdj;ij cUthf;fyhk;.

mt;itahH jhk; ,aw;wpa %Jiuapy; cUT fz;L vs;shJ ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhH.

kly;ngupJ jhio kfpo;,dpJ fe;jk;
cly;rpwpaH vd;wpUf;f Ntz;lh-fly; ngupJ
kz;ePUk; MfhJ mjd;mUNf rpw;Whwy;
cz; ePUk; Mfp tpLk;.                     (%Jiu 13)

jhok;G+ kly;fspdhNy ngupjhapUf;fpd;wJ. kfpok;G+ ,jo; rpwpajhf ,Ug;gpDk; kzj;jpdhy; kpf ,dpajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. fly; kpfg; ngupjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; mf; fly; ePH clk;gOf;ifg; Nghf;Fjw;Fk; jFjp cilajhfhJ. mf; flypd; gf;fj;Nj rpwpa kzw;Fopapy; CWk; ePH gUFjw;Fk; rpwe;j ePuhfpwJ. mjdhy; xUtiu cUtj;jpdhy; rpwpaH vd vz;zp mtkjpf;f Ntz;lh. mtH Mw;wy; kpf;ftuhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

,Nj fUj;ij ''cUTfz;L vs;shik Ntz;Lk;> cUs;ngUe; NjHf;F mr;rhzp md;dhH cilj;J'' vd  thd;Gfo; ts;StUk; nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhH. ngupa NjUf;F mr;rhzpNghy; typikAilNahH cyfj;jpy; cs;sdH. mjdhy; mtuJ cUtpy; rpWik fz;L ,fof; $lhJ.

If;fpa ehLfs; mit Njhw;wk; ngw;wNghJ mjpy; cWg;Gupik  tfpj;j ehLfspd; vz;zpf;if ntWkNd 51. ,d;W mjd; njhif 191. fle;j 12 Mz;Lfspy; (1990-2002) I.eh. mitapd; cWg;gpdH njhif 159,y; ,Ue;J 191 Mf caHe;Js;sJ.  

ehLfspd; njhif $bajhy; thdk; ,be;J tpOe;Jtpl tpy;iy. my;yJ G+kp gpse;J tpltpy;iy. khwhf ehLfspd; mjpfupg;G cyf mikjpf;F topNfhypAs;sJ.

NkYk; If;fpa ehLfs; mitapy; jkpoPoj;ijtpl gug;gstpYk; kf;fs; njhifapYk; Fiwe;j 38 ehLfs; cWg;Gupik tfpf;fpd;wd.  aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bd; gug;gsT kl;Lk; 430 r.iky;. kf;fs; njhif 600>000 (Aj;jj;jpw;F Kd;dH 900>000). 

NehW (Nauru) vd;w jPT. gug;gsT 8 r.iky;. kf;fs; njhif 10>000.  rPnry;]; vd;w jPtpd; gug;gsT 180 rJu iky;! kf;fs; njhif 72>000! Mrpahtpd; gzf;fhu ehlhd rpq;fg;G+upd; gug;gsT 240 r.iky;. kf;fs; njhif 2> 812>000.  

13>938 r.fp.kPl;lH gug;gsTk; 680>158 kf;fisAk; nfhz;l nkhd;nuePf;fpNwh jdp ehzak; itj;jpUf;f KbAnkd;why;> ,d;Dk; 3 Mz;Lfspy; xU Neub thf;nfLg;gpd; %yk; xU jdpr; Rje;jpu ehlhfg; NghFk; cupik mjw;F ,Uf;Fkhdhy; 21>650 r.fp.kP.  35 ,yl;rk; vz;zpf;if nfhz;l jkpoPok; Vd; mg;gbahd xU thf;nfLg;gpd; %yk; jdJ vjpHfhy murpay; jiytpjpiaj; jPHkhdpf;f KbahJ?  

1833Mk; Mz;Ltiu jkpoupd; jhaf G+kpahd tl-fpof;F jdpj;Njjhd; Msg;gl;lJ.  

nkhd;nuePf;Nwh kf;fSf;F xU epahak; jkpo; kf;fSf;F ,d;ndhU epahakh?  tp.Gypfs; Gw RaepHza cupikia ,g;NghJ iftpl;L tpl;ljhy; jdpr; Rje;jpu jkpoPof; Nfhupf;ifia Ngr;R thHj;ij Nkirapy; itf;f KbahJ. Mdhy; NrHgpah - nkhd;nuePf;Nwh ehLfs; jw;NghJ Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;s ,izg;ghl;rp Kiwia MtJ Kd; itf;fyhk; my;yth? jdp ehzaj;ij tpl;Lf; nfhLj;J tpl;Lj; jdpg; gilia itj;jpUf;fyhk; my;yth? 

jkpo;kf;fSf;F jdpg;gil Njit. jd; if MAjk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; jiytH gpughfud; ,y;yhj fhyj;jpy; rpq;fs Vfhjpgj;jpak; Jg;ghf;fp Kidapy; kPz;Lk; jkpo;kf;fis mbikg;gLj;jp tpLk;. ,g;NghJ Nghyy;yhky; mg;NghJ %r;R tpLtjw;Fk; jkpo;kf;fSf;F cupik ,Uf;fhJ! (Kw;Wk;)( ek;ehL ngg;utup 2003)