fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu

xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......

 

fpwp];NjhgH nfhyk;g];

(31 )

Mrpahtpw;F mj;yhd;bf; rKj;jpuk; Clhf Nkw;Fj; jpirahfg; gazk; Gwg;gl;l fpwp];NjhgH nfhyk;g]; (1451-1506) mjw;Fg; gjpyhf Kw;wpYk; vjpHghuhjtpjkhf xU Gjpa cyfj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;Jg; Gfo;ngw;wJnjupe;jNj.

 

1492k; Mz;L xf;NlhgH 12k; ehs; fupgPd; flypy; cs;s jPnthd;wpy; Kjd; Kjyhf ,uz;L cyfq;fs;  jq;fis mwpahkNy re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,Rg;ghdpa muRf;fhf INuhg;ghtpy; ,Ue;J Mrpahtpw;F xU flw; ghijiaf; fz;Lgpbf;f Gwg;gl;l NghJjhd; nfhyk;g]; jw;nrayhf mnkupf;fhitf; fz;L gpbj;jhH.

 

mjd; gpd;dH 1492 -1904f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ehd;F Kiw fupgPDf;Fg; gazk; nra;jhH. ,Ue;Jk; jhd; fz;L gpbj;j epyk; 13k; Ehw;whz;by; khHf;fNghNyh jiutopahf rPdhtiu gazk; nra;jNghJ ghHj;jmNj epye;jhd; vd mtH ek;gpdhH. ,e;j ek;gpf;if mtuJ  filrpf; fhyk;tiu ePbj;jJ. kpf tpiutpy; fupgPd; jPTfs; Clhf khHfNghNyh gazk; nra;j efuq;fSf;F fly; topiaf; fz;Lgpbg;gJ rhj;jpak; vd;Wk; mtH ek;gpdhH.

 

nfhyk;g];jhd; Kjd; Kjypy; mnkupf;fhitf; fz;L gpbj;j INuhg;gpaH vd;W vz;ZtJ jtwhFk;. nfhyk;gRf;F KjNy 10k;>  11k; Ehw;whz;by; ];fd;bNdtpahitr; NrHe;j itf;fpq;];  (Vikings) vd;w rhjpapdH fdlhtpy; cs;s epA+gpd;yhe;jpy; FbNawp nrhw;g fhyk; tho;e;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.

 

nfhyk;grpd; mnkupf;f fz;L gpbg;G cyfj;jpy; ngupa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;jf; fz;L gpbg;G mnkupf;fhit fl;LkPwpa INuhg;gpa FbNaw;wj;jpw;F mbNfhypaJ.

 

INuhg;gpa kf;fs; kl;Lk; my;yhJ INuhg;gpa fz;lj;ijr; NrHe;j tpyq;Ffs;> nrbnfhbfs;> gz;ghLfs;> rpe;jidfs; ,tw;wpd; ,wf;Fkjpf;Fk; ,e;jf; fz;Lgpbg;G fhy;Nfhs; ,l;lJ. mNj rkak; ,e;j fz;Lgpbg;Gf;F xU ,Uz;l gf;fKk; ,Ue;jJ. ehd; Vw;fdNt vOjpaJNghy  ,yl;rf; fzf;fhd mnkupf;f ehl;L G+HtPf kf;fs; Aj;jj;jpdhYk;> fl;lha Ntiyf; nfhLikahYk;> nts;isepwj;jtH jq;fNshL nfhz;Lte;J NrHj;j NehapdhYk; ,we;J gl;lhHfs;.

 

nfhyk;girg; gw;wpr; rupahahfj; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;why; mtH gpwe;J tsHe;j mtH fhyj;J cyfj;ijAk;  njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gjpide;jhk; Ehw;whz;L jiyfPo; khw;wj;Jf;Fg; ngaHNghd Ehw;whz;L. me;j Ehw;whz;by; ,lk;ngw;w rk;gtq;fs; INuhg;gpa r%fj;ijg; ngupJk; ghjpj;jJ. me;jr; rk;gtq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yf; $baJ fpwpj;jtHfSf;Fk; ,RyhkpaHfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; gy Ehw;whz;Lfhykhf ,lk;ngw;W te;j Aj;jk; KbTf;F te;jjhFk;.

 

gy Ehw;whz;L fhy ,iltplhj Nghupd; gpd; 1492k; Mz;L fpwpj;jt ehlhd ,Rghdpahtpy; ,Ue;J ,Ryhkpa NrhdfHfis (Moors) tpul;Ltjpy; ,RghdpaHfs; ntw;wp fz;lhHfs;.  Mdhy;  mNef Ehw;whz;Lfshf itjPf fpwpj;Jt girhd;ijapd;  (Orthodox Christian Byzantine Empire)  jiyefuhf nfhd;];jd;jpNehgps; ( Constantinople ) jiyefuhf ,Ue;J te;jJ.  ,Jjhd; ,d;iwa JUf;fpapy; cs;s ,];jhd;Gs; efukhFk; (  modern Istanbul in Turkey)  K];ypk; xl;lkhd; JUf;fpauplk; 1493y; tPo;r;rp mile;jJ. ,jdhy; INuhg;gh  nfhd;];jd;jpNehgps; topahf MrpahNthL itj;jpUe;j thzpfj; njhlHG Jz;bf;fg;gll;lJ.

 

nfhd;];jd;jpNehgps;  efuNk INuhg;gpahtpw;Fk; Mrpahtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; xU Kf;fpa thzpf ikakhf ,Ue;J te;jJ. njd; INuhg;ghtpd; ngUk; gFjpia xl;lkhd; JUf;fpaH mjw;F Kd;dH ifg;gw;wp ,Ue;jhHfs;.   nfhd;];jd;jpNehgps; JUf;fpaH ifapy; tpOe;j gpd;dUk;  INuhg;gpa tzpfHfs; Mrpa ehl;Lg; nghUl;fis vfpg;jpd; JiwKfg; gl;bdq;fspy; xd;whd mnyf;];jhd;wpahtpy; thzpfk; nra;j K];ypk;fsplk; ,Ue;J thq;fpdhHfs;.

 

,Ue;Jk; INuhg;gpaH ,ilj; jufHfshd K];ypk;fis xJf;fptpl;L Mrpa ehLfsJ cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis Neubahf thq;fpf; nfhz;LtUtjw;F fly; topg; ghijnahd;wpid fz;L gpbf;f tpUk;gpdhHfs;. Mrpahtpd; ,yhgfukhd thzpfj;ij ifg;gw;Wtjd;  %yk;  ngupa nry;tj;ij jpul;lyhk; vd;w vz;zk; INuhg;gpa murHfSf;Fk; murpfSf;Fk; Vw;gl;lJ.

 

,Ryhkpa NrhdfHfis jq;fs; ehl;by; ,Ue;J ntw;wpfukhf tpul;bagpd;  nghJthf fpwpj;Jt kjj;ijAk;> Fwpg;ghf ,RghdpauJ Ml;rpiaAk; cynfq;Fk; epiy ehl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mir ,RghdpaHfs; kdjpy; vOe;jJ. ,e;j Miria Jhz;Ltjw;F ,Rg;ghdpaHfsJ gz;ghL xU fhuzkhFk;. Gjpa ehLfisf; fz;L gpbj;J mtw;iw ,Rg;ghdpa murpd; fl;Lg; ghl;Lf;Fs;  nfhz;L tuNtz;Lk; vd;w rpe;jid mtHfsJ gz;ghl;by; NkNyhq;fpapUe;jJ.

 

Mrpahtpy; ahH Kjy; fhy; gjpg;gJ vd;w Nghl;bapy; NghHj;Jf;fy; ehLjhd; ntd;wp ngw;wJ. gjpide;jhk; Ehw;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; NghHj;Jf;NfaH tl Mgpupf;fhit jhf;fp [pg;gpwhy;uH ePuizapy; cs;s K];ypk;fspd; thzpf ikakhd nrl;lh (Ceuta) itf; ifg;gw;wpdhHfs;. ,e;j ntw;wp K];ypk;fs; ifapy; mJfhytiu ,Ue;j Mgpupf;f fz;lj;jpd; ftHr;rpfukhd VfNghf thzpg tha;g;Gf;fspy; NghHj;Jf;NfaUk; gq;Fnfhs;s top jpwe;jJ.

 

nrl;lh ifg;gw;wg;gl;l FWfpa fhyj;jpy; ,sturH n`d;wp (Henry the Navigator) njd; NghHj;Jf;fypy; flNyhbfSf;fhd xU gs;spf;$lj;ij njhlq;fpdhH. NghHj;Jf;Nfaf; fg;gy;fs; njd; Mgpupf;fhitr; Rw;wp Mrpahtpw;Fg; gazk; nra;Ak; Kaw;rpapy; ,wq;fpd.

1497k; Mz;L A+iy  khjk; 8k; ehs; yp];gd; JiwKfj;jpy; ,Ue;J t];nfh l fhk  ( (Vasco da Gama ) tpd; jiyikapy; RkhH 150 khYkpfs; nfhz;l fg;gw;gil Mgpupf;fhitr; Rw;wp Mrpahit miltjw;fhd gazj;ij njhlq;fpaJ. ,ilapilNa eq;$ukpl;l fg;gw;gil mNj Mz;L bnrk;gH khjk; 16k; ehs; la]; vd;w Kidia mile;jJ. mjd; gpd;dH 1948k;  Mz;L  rdtup ,Wjpapy; muhgpaHfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;s  ]k;grp gpuNjrj;ij mile;jJ. muh gpaHfsJ vjpHg;Gf;fisr; rkhspj;Jf; nfhz;LNk khjk; 20k; ehs; Nfusj;jpd; JiwKfg; gl;bdq;fspy; xd;whd fs;spf;Nfhl;ilapy; fg;gy;fs; eq;$ukpl;ld.

 

gjpdhd;fhk; Ehw;whz;by; ,Ue;J fs;spf;Nfhl;il Kj;Jf;fs;> etuj;jpdq;fs;> eWkzr; ruf;Ffs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F Kf;fpa re;ijahf ,Ue;jJ. muhgpaHfsJ Kl;Lf;fl;ilfisAk; kPwp Nfus murHfsJ el;igg; ngWtjpy; t];nfhlfhk ntw;wp ngw;whH.  t];nfhlfhkhtpd; fg;gw;gil NghHj;Jf;fy; Nehf;fpa kPs; gazj;ij 1498k; Mz;L xf;NlhgH 5k; ehs; Muk;gpj;J 1499k; Mz;L A+iy khjk; 10k; ehs; Kbj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.

 

ehL jpUk;gpa t];nfhlfhkhtpw;F kpfg; ngupa tuNtw;Gf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W nrhy;y Ntz;bajpy;iy.,e;jpaf; flw;gpuhe;jpaj;jpw;F t];nfhlfhk flw;gilj; jsgjpahf epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhH. kPz;Lk; t];nfhlfhkhtpd; jiyikapy;  20 fg;gy;fs; mlq;fpa gil ,e;jpah Nehf;fpg; Gwg;gl;lJ. ,k;Kiw fs;spf;Nfhl;ilia Kw;Wiff;Fs; Mf;fp muhgpaHfSf;F nrhe;jkhd 29 fg;gy;fis t];nfhlfhk jhf;fp mopj;jhH. mjd;gpd; Nfus rNkhupd; murNuhL thzpf xg;ge;jk; xd;iw vOjpf; nfhz;lhH.

 

Nfusj;jpy;  7 Mz;Lfs; epiyj;J ,Ue;J jq;fs; gilgyq;fis ngUf;fp fhYhd;wpf; nfhz;lgpd; 1505k;Mz;L Nyhwd;]; b my;Nklh (Lawrence de Almeida) jiyikapy; xU fg;gw;gil khiyjPT Nehf;fpg; gazk; nra;jJ. khiyjPtpy; muhgpaHfsJ ifNahq;fp tUtij jLj;J epWj;jNt ,e;jg; gazk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;   ,ilapy; fg;gy; fLk; Gaypy; rpf;fpf; nfhz;lJ. ,uz;L ehl;fs; flypy; miye;jgpd; fg;gy; ,yq;ifapd; Nkw;Ff; fiuapy; xJq;fpaJ. vg;gb fpwp];Njhg]; nfhyk;g]; fpA+gh jPitg; ghHj;jNghJ "" ""fz;fs; vg;NghJk; fz;buhj NguoF"" vd;W thiag; gpse;jhNuh mNjkhjpup ,yq;ifj; jPit Nyhwd;]; b  my;Nklh ghHj;jNghJ mjd; moF mtuJ cs;sj;ijf; nfhs;is nfhz;lJ.  

 

mg;NghJ Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;ij jHk ghuhf;fpukghF vd;w rpq;fs murd; murhz;L nfhz;bUe;jhd;. me;j murdpd; xw;wHfs; fiuapwq;fpa NghHj;Jf;Nfaiuf; vl;bapUe;J ghHj;J  tpag;G Nkypl;ltuha; mtdplk; Xbr; nrd;W nrhd;d nra;jpia ,uhrthyp vd;w rpq;fs ,jpfhrk; gjpT nra;Js;sJ.

 

""nts;is epwj;jtHfshd mtHfs; fhypy; rg;ghj;Jk;> jiyapy; njhg;gpAk; mzpe;J ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. xUtpjfy;iy czthfr; rhg;gpLfpwhHfs;. ,uj;jj;ijf; Fbf;fpwhHfs;""vd;gJjhd; mtHfs; nrhd;d nra;jp. ,g;NghJ vg;gb vd;W njupatpy;iy. me;jf; fhyj;J ,yq;ifgw;wpa jkpo; tuyhw;W Ehy;fspy; ,g;gbj;jhd; vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ.  

 

mjd;gpd; xy;yhe;juhy; tpul;babf;fg;gLk; tiu ( 1658) fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ePq;fyhf Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; (1554-1597)> aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak; (1619-1658) ,uz;ilAk; NghHj;Jf;NfaH Mz;lJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupe;j tuyhwhFk;.

 

,g;gb t];nfhlfhk fpof;fhrpahtpy; NghHj;Jf;Nfaupd; nfhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf;F giltyp nfhz;L mj;jpthuk; ,l;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jNghJ nfhyk;g]; Nkw;fpy; ,RghdpauJ ehLgpbf;Fk; glyj;Jf;F gps;isahH Rop Nghl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jhH.

 

fpwp];NjhgH nfhyk;g]; ,j;jhypa efukhd n[Ndhthtpy; 1451k; Mz;L gpwe;jtH. mtH ,j;jhypapy; gpwe;jhYk; Kjypy; NghHj;Jf;fypYk;> gpd;dH ,Rg;ghdpahtpYk; FbNawp tho;e;jhH. ,j;jhyp nkhopapy; mtuJ ngaHfpwp];NjhgNuh nfhyk;G (  Cristoforo Colombo). NghHj;Jf;Nfa nkhopapy; mtuJ ngaH fpwp];NjhNth nfhyk;  (Christovão Colom), ,Rg;ghdpa nkhopapy; mtuJ ngaH fpwp];Njhgy; nfhyd; ( Cristóbal Colón).

nfhyk;grpd; jfg;gdhH Ml;Lkapiu Ehyhf;Fk; nerTj; njhopypy; <Lgl;bUe;jhH. ,sikf; fhyj;jpy; nfhyk;g]; ngw;w fy;tpiag;gw;wpa tpguk; njupatpy;iy. ngUk;ghYk; mtH jdJ je;ijahupd; njhopiyf; ifj;njhopy; FOtpy; ( craft guilds ) NrHe;J gbj;jpUf;fyhk;. mjd;gpd; je;ijahUf;F cjtpahf njhopy; ghHj;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; xU Kf;fpa JiwKfg; gl;bdj;jpy; tsHe;j nfhyk;g];> mtuJ fhyj;J ,isQHfs;Nghy; ,stajpy; fg;gypy; khYkpahfr; NrHe;J nfhz;lhH. (tsUk;)

 

 

 

 

 

  
fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu

xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......

 

Nkw;Fj; jpirapy; nrd;why; fpof;;if milayhk;!;

(32 )

 

,g;NghJ vg;gb vd;W njupatpy;iy. me;jf; fhyj;J ,yq;ifgw;wpa jkpo; tuyhw;W Ehy;fspy; ,g;gbj;jhd; vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ.

 

mjd;gpd; xy;yhe;juhy; tpul;babf;fg;gLk; tiu ( 1658) fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ePq;fyhf Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; (1554-1597)> aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak; (1619-1658) ,uz;ilAk; NghHj;Jf;NfaH mlf;fp Mz;lJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupe;j tuyhwhFk;.

 

,g;gb t];nfhlfhk fpof;fhrpahtpy; NghHj;Jf;Nfaupd; nfhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf;F giltyp nfhz;L mj;jpthuk; ,l;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jNghJ nfhyk;g]; Nkw;fpy; ,RghdpauJ ehLgpbf;Fk; glyj;Jf;F gps;isahH Rop Nghl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jhH.

 

fpwp];NjhgH nfhyk;g]; ,j;jhypa efukhd n[Ndhthtpy; 1451k; Mz;L gpwe;jtH. mtH ,j;jhypapy; gpwe;jhYk; Kjypy; NghHj;Jf;fypYk;> gpd;dH ,Rg;ghdpahtpYk; FbNawp tho;e;jhH. ,j;jhyp nkhopapy; mtuJ ngaH fpwp];NjhgNuh nfhyk;G (  Cristoforo Colombo ). NghHj;Jf;Nfa nkhopapy; mtuJ ngaH fpwp];NjhNth nfhyk;  (Christovão Colom), ,Rg;ghdpa nkhopapy; mtuJ ngaH fpwp];Njhgy; nfhyd; ( Cristóbal Colón).

nfhyk;grpd; jfg;gdhH Ml;Lkapiu Ehyhf;Fk; nerTj; njhopypy; <Lgl;bUe;jhH.

 

,sikf; fhyj;jpy; nfhyk;g]; ngw;w fy;tpiag;gw;wpa tpguk; njupatpy;iy. ngUk;ghYk; mtH jdJ je;ijahupd; njhopiyf; ifj;njhopy; FOtpy; ( craft guilds ) NrHe;J gbj;jpUf;fyhk;. mjd;gpd; je;ijahUf;F cjtpahf njhopy; ghHj;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; xU Kf;fpa JiwKfg; gl;bdj;jpy; tsHe;j nfhyk;g];> mtuJ fhyj;J ,isQHfs;Nghy; ,stajpy; fg;gypy; khYkpahfr; NrHe;J nfhz;lhH.  

 

nfhyk;g];  fg;gypy; Ntiyf;Fr; NrHe;jNghJ mtUf;F taJ 14 kl;LNk. fg;gy; khYkp vd;w Kiwapy; gy;NtW gzpfspy; mtH mkHj;jg;gl;lhH. jftyhsH (Messenger), rhjhuz khYkp> jz;lay; (captain) vd;W mtH gbg;gbahf gjtp caHT ngw;whH. nfhyk;grpd; kfd; ngHbdd;l vOjpa ""nfhyk;grpd; tho;f;if kw;Wk; mtuJ rhjidfs;"" ( History of the Life and Deeds of Christopher Columbus ) vd;w Ehypy; nfhyk;g]; tl Mgpupf;fh flw;fiuNahuk; gazk; nra;J nfhz;bUe;j ,Rg;ghdpa fg;giy vjpHghuhj tpjj;jpy; jhf;fp mopg;gjw;F gpud;R ehl;Lg; gpuG xUtuhy; $ypf;F mkHj;jg;gl;lhH vdj; njuptpf;fpwhH.

 

Mdhy;  ngUk;ghyhd tuyhw;W MrpupaHfs; ,ij ek;g kWf;fpwhHfs;. 1974k; Mz;L kj;jpa jiuf;flypy; cs;s fpNah]; (Khíos)  jPTf;F nfhyk;g]; xU ePz;l fg;gy; gazj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhH. ,e;jg; gazk; nghUshjhuj;ijg; nghWj;j kl;by; jdJ NjitfSf;F FLk;gj;ij ek;gpapUe;j epyikia khw;wp nfhyk;gir nrhe;jf; fhypy; epw;fitf;f cjtpaJ. me;jr; rpwpa jPtpy; nfhyk;g]; xU Mz;L fhyk; jq;fpapUe;jhH.

 

1476k; Mz;L Mf];l; 13k; ehs; kj;jpajuf; flypy; ,Ue;J  ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F gazk; nra;j 5 fg;gy;fspy; xd;wpy; nfhyk;g]; Kjd; Kiwahf me;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuj;Jf;F NghFk; tha;g;Gf; fpl;baJ. Mdhy; mjpl;lk; mtH gf;fk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. nfhyk;g]; nrd;w fg;gy; NghHj;Jf;fy; fiuNahuj;Jf;F mz;ikapy; itj;J jdpg;gl;ltHfSf;F nrhe;jkhd  gpud;R fg;gw;gilapd; jhf;FjYf;F cs;shdJ.

 

nfhyk;g]; gazk; nra;j fg;gy; vupA+l;lg;gl;lJ. jg;Gtjw;F NtW topapy;yhky; rKj;jpuj;jpy; Fjpj;J 10 fp. kP. Jhuk; ePe;jp NghHj;Jf;fypd; fiuia mile;jhH. mg;NghJ mtUf;F taJ 25.

 

1477k; Mz;lstpy; nfhyk;g]; yp];gdpd; jq;fptpl;;lhH. gjpdhd;fhk; Ehw;whz;bd; eLtpy; ,Ue;J  yp];gd; efuk; flNyhbfs;> GjpaehLgpbg;NghH ( explorers), Jzpr;ry;fhuHfs;> tzpfHfs; Nghd;wtHfSf;F Gfyplkhf tpsq;fpaJ. nfhyk;grpd; cld;gpwg;gpy; xUtuhdgj;jnyhK ( Bartholomew) yp];gdpy; Gtpay;glk; tiugtuhf Copak;  ghHj;jhH.  nfhQ;rf; fhyk; mtNuhL NrHe;J glk; tiutjpYk; gioa Gj;jfq;fis Nrfupf;fg;gjpYk; nfhyk;g]; <Lgl;lhH. mtw;iw 1477k; Mz;Lf; filrpapy; fg;gypy; Vw;wp tlf;F mj;jpyhe;jpf; JiwKfg; gl;bdq;fspy; nfhz;L Ngha; tpw;whHfs;.

 

1478y; nfhyk;g]; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhH.  mtuJ kidtp ngaH  Felipa Perestrelloe Moniz vd;gjhFk;. NghHj;Jf;fy; ehl;bd; gpuGj;Jt Mdhy; XusT Viof; FLk;gj;ijr; rhHe;jtH. mtHfSf;F xU Foe;ij gpwe;jJ. mjd;gpd; nfhyk;grpd; kidtp ,we;Jtpl;lhH.

 

1481 my;yJ 1482d; Kw;gFjpapy; nfhyk;g]; ,g;NghJ fhdh vd;W miof;fg;gLk; (md;W mJ  Elmina vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ) Nkw;F Mgpupf;f ehl;Lf;Fg; gazk; nra;jhH. Mgpupf;f ehl;bd; nry;t tsq;fs;> Fwpg;ghf jq;fk;> mtuJ kdijg; ngupJk; ftHe;jJ. Vida flNyhbfs; Nghy; gUtf; fhw;Wf;fs; gw;wpAk;> rKj;jpuj;jpd; ePHr;Ropfs; gw;wpAk;  Nfl;lwptjpy; mtH MHtk;  fhl;bdhH. Mgpupf;fhtpd; Nkw;Ff; fiuapYk; mUfpy; ,Ue;j fdwpj; jPTfspYk; (Canary Islands) fhzg;gl;l ePHr;Ropfs;gw;wp mwpe;J nfhz;lhH. ,e;j mDgtNk mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuj;ijf; flg;gjw;F ,Rg;ghdpah my;yJ NghHj;Jf;fy;iyj; NjHe;njLf;fhky; fdwP]; jPitj; nfhyk;g]; NjHe;njLe;jjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vd ek;gg;gLfpwJ.

 

Nkw;Fj; jpirapy; gazk; nra;J fpof;if milayhk; vd;w fUj;jpay; nfhyk;gRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ my;y. mg;gb mtH nrhe;jk; nfhz;lhlTk; ,y;iy. mtH nra;jnjy;yhk; mtUf;F Ke;jpa 1>000 Mz;Lfhyq;fspy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l mwptpay;gw;wpa juTfis Kiwahff; fw;Wf; nfhz;lJjhd;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf fpNuf;f> cNuhk GtpayhsHfs; cyfpd; Nkw;gug;gpy;  xNu jz;zPHj; jpus;jhd; ( one body of water ) cz;L vd;Wk; mJ  INuhg;ghitAk; MrpahitAk; ,izf;fpwJ vd;w Nfhl;ghl;il nfhz;ltHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. me;jf; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb xUtH Nkw;F Nehf;fpg; gazk; nra;J fpof;Fj; jpiriag; Ngha; milayhk;. mjd; Jhuk;gw;wpj;jhd; fUj;J Ntw;Wik ,Ue;jJ.

 

cyfk;> INuhg;gh - Mrpah ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy;  cs;s Jhuk;gw;wp nfhyk;g]; Gtpay; Ehy;fisg; gbj;Nj mwpe;J nfhz;lhH. FNshba]; njhykp (fp.gp. 100-170) vOjpa Gtpapay; Ehy;> 1480y;  Pierre d'Ailly vOjpa G+kpapd; gpk;gk; (  Imago Mundi (Image of the World), 1928y; khHf;Nfh NghNyh vOjp ntspapl;l "khHf;fNghNyhtpd; gazq;fs;" ( The Travels of Marco Polo) Nghd;w Ehy;fs; mjpy; mlq;Fk;.

 

,tw;iw ehd; tpupthf vOJtjw;Ff; fhuzk; VNjh nfhyk;g]; Gj;jH mur kuj;jpd;  fPo;;  mkHe;J xU KOepyh ehspy; Qhdk; ngw;wJ Nghy nfhyk;gRk; xU ehs; ml;lkp> etkp>  uhF fhyk;>  akfz;lk; ,y;yhjey;y RgNeu RgK$Hj;jj;jpy; fg;gy; xd;wpy; Vwp  Mrpahitf; fz;L  gpbf;Fk; ntwpNahL gazg;gl;L mnkupf;fhitf; fz;L gpbj;jhH vd;W ahUk;  vz;zptplf; $lhJ vd;gjhy;jhd;. njhlHr;rpahd Ma;T> fLikahd ciog;G %ye;jhd; mtuhy; me;jr; rhjidia nra;a Kbe;jJ. (tsUk;)

 

 

 

 

 

 

fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu

xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......

 

cyf ehfupfj;jpw;F fpNuf;fj;jpd; gq;fspg;G!  

(33 )

cyf ehfupfj;Jf;F fpNuf;f mwptpayhsHfsJ gq;fspg;G msg;gupaJ. jj;Jtk;> thdtpay;> fzpjk;> tuyhW> kUj;Jtk;> ,yf;fpak;> fl;blf;fiy Nghd;w Jiwfs; vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; fpNuf;fHfNs "je;ij" MthHfs;.

fp.K. 5k; Ehw;whz;by; ,Ue;J fp.gp. 5k; Ehw;whz;Ltiu fpNuf;f mwptpayhsHfs; fzpjk;> thdtpay; Nghd;w Jy;ypakhd mwptpay; Jiwfspy; ( exact sciences) rhjid gilj;J xU Gfo; g+j;j ghuk;gupaj;Jf;F tpj;jpl;lhHfs;. fzf;fpay; Nkijfs; ,f;Fypl;  (Euclid ) kw;Wk; MHfpkpb]; (  Archimedes) Nghd;wtHfsJ rpwg;ghd gilg;Gf;fs; gpujp nra;ag;gl;L fpNuf;fHfspd;  fpof;F rhk;uhr;rpaj;jpd; jiyefuhd igrd;upaj;jpy; (  Byzantium) itj;Jf; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;ld. ,tw;iw muhgp> ghurPf  nkhopfspy; nkhopngaHj;Jg;  gbf;fg;l;ld. ,jdhy; ,e;j mwptpay; Jiwfs; NkYk; tpuptile;jd.

 

,g;NghJs;s tj;jpf;fd; Ehyfk; mNef nkhopfspy; cyfpy; cs;s tskhd gilg;Gf;fis jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy; gioa mwptpay; gilg;Gf;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lNjhL>  16k; 17k; Ehw;whz;by; ,lk;ngw;w mwptpay; Gul;rpf;F mit fhy;Nfhs; ,l;ld. cNuhk ehfupfj;jpd;  kWkyHr;rpapd; NghJ mwptpaYk; kdpjKk; vjpupfshf ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gJkl;Lky;y mit ,aw;ifahd  Nerj;NjhLk; tpsq;fpd.

 

fpNuf;f jj;JtQhdp mup];Njhj;jYf;F (fp.K.384 -fp.K. 322) G+kp cUz;il tbtkhdJ vd;gJ njupe;jpUe;jJ. Mdhy; me;jg; G+kp  ntq;fhaj;ij %bapUf;Fk; Njhy;Nghy; eLehafkhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W mDkhdpj;jhH.

 

mjidr; Rw;wp cUz;il tbthd ePH> mLj;J cUz;il tbthd fhw;W> mLj;J cUz;il tbtkhd jP> mLj;J cUz;il tbtkhd nrhHf;fk; ,Ug;gjhf mDkhdpj;;jhH. NkYk; jpz;ikahd nghUl;fs; nkd;ikahd nghUl;fis tpl Ntfkhf fPo;Nehf;fp tpOk; vd;Wk; nrhd;dhH. mjid ep&gpg;gjw;F xU ,wiftpl fy; Ntfkhf tpOfpwJ vd;W $wpdhH. ,it ve;j Muha;r;rpapd; mbg;gilapy; ,y;yhJ mDkhdj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;litahFk;. Mdhy; mup];Njhl;ly; nrhd;dJ ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;bd; eLg;gFjptiu vy;NyhuhYk; ek;gg;gl;lJ.

 

mup];Njhl;lypd; mDkhdj;ij Kjd; Kjy; XusT jpUj;jpatH fpNuf;f thdtpayhsH GtpapayhsH FNshba]; njhykp ( fp.gp.100-170) MthH. ,tUk; G+kpia mz;lj;jpd; ikaj;jpy; itj;jhH. Mdhy; #upad;> rdp> tpaho fpufq;fs; mjidr; Rw;wp tUtjhfr; nrhd;dhH. ,Ue;Jk; vjdhy; G+kpia fpufq;fs; Rw;wptUfpd;wd vd;gjw;F mtuhy; tpil fz;L gpbf;f Kbatpy;iy. mjw;fhd tpil mwptpayhsH epA+l;ld; <Hg;Gtpirgw;wpf; fz;L gpbf;F kl;Lk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

 

(epA+l;ld; jiyapy; mg;gps; gok; tpOe;jJjhd;  mtiu  <Hg;Gtpirgw;wpf; fz;L  gpbf;f topNfhypaJ. mNj Neuk; aho;g;ghzj; jkpoH xUtH gidkuj;Jf;F fPNo Fe;jp  ,Ue;jNghJ  mtuJ jiyapy; gdk;gok; tpOe;jJ. epA+l;lidg;Nghy mtUf;Fk; clNd <Hg;Gtpirjhd; gdk;goj;ij  G+kp Nehf;fp jdJ jiyapy; tpor; nra;jJ vd;w cz;ik gspr; rpl;lJ. Mdhy; ghtk; mtH. gdk;goj;jpd; "mb"  gykhf  ,Ue;jjhy; jdJ fz;Lgpbg;ig kw;wtHfSf;Fr; nrhy;YKd; Ms; "mTl;lhfp" tpl;lhH. ,J vdJ kfd; vdf;Fr; nrhy;ypaJ. NtW ahuhtJ ,e;j "tuyhw;iw" Nfs;tpg; gl;lJz;lh?)  

 

mNj fhy fl;lj;jpy; tho;e;j ,e;jpaHfSf;Nfh> jkpoHfSf;Nfh cyfj;jpd; cUtk;> fly;fs; gw;wpa mwpT ,y;iy vd;Nw nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. ,e;J rka  ,jpfhrq;fs;> Guhzq;fs; cyfk; jl;ilnad;Nw (eufhRud; G+kpiag; ghahfr; RUl;b flYf;F mbapy; xspj;jhd; mjid fpU\;z gukhj;kh tuhf mtjhuk; vLj;J mtdplk; ,Ue;J kPl;L te;jhH!) tHzpj;J vOjpd. fPNoO cyfk;> NkNyO cyfk; nkhj;jk; gjpdhd;F cyfq;fs; cz;nld;gJjhd; ,e;Jf;fspd; Gtpapay;gw;wpa  "mwpthf" ,Ue;jJ.

 

MjpNr\d; vd;w ghk;Gjhd; ,e;jg; G+kpia jhq;fpf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwJ  vd;W GuhzpfHfs; fw;gid nra;jhHfs;. me;j MjpNr\id ahH jhq;fpf; nfhz;L epw;fpwhHfs; vd;gij Guhzq;fs;> ,jpfhrq;fs; nrhy;ytpy;iy.

 

NkYk; #upad; fhiyapy; VO Fjpiufs; G+l;ba Njupy; fpof;Fj; jpirapy; ,Ue;J Gwg;gl;L khiyapy; Nkw;Fj; jpirapy; kiwe;J mLj;j ehs; kPz;Lk; fpof;Fj; jpirapy; ,Ue;J Gwg;gLfpwhH vd;Wjhd; ,e;jpaHfs;ek;gp ,Ue;jhHfs;.

 

NkYk; #upa> re;jpu fpufzq;fs; eilngWtijg; ghHj;J Kg;gj;J Kf;Nfhb NjtHfs;> fpd;duH> fpk;GUlH tho;fpd;w Gz;zpa G+kpapy; tho;e;jtHfs; muz;lhHfs;.

 

#upa> re;jpu fpufzq;fs; uhF> NfJ vd;w ghk;Gfs; re;jpuid gpbj;J tpOq;Ftjhy; Vw;gLtjhf ek;gpdhHfs;. mjdhy; fpufz fhyj;jpy; rikj;jhy; rhg;ghl;by; eQ;R fye;JtpLk; vd;W gae;jhHfs;. ,g;gbg; gae;J nrj;j tPLfspy; vdJ tPLk; xd;W.. ,g;NghJ my;y. gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH.   

 

mJ kl;Lk; my;yhJ fly; flf;fg;glhJ vd;gJ ,e;Jf;fspd; ek;gpf;if. mjpYk; gpuhkzHfs; fly; flf;ff; $lhJ. fhuzk; fly; GdpjkhdJ. kfhj;kh fhe;jp ,yz;lDf;Fr;  nrd;W gbf;fg; Gwg;gl;lNghJ itjPfHfsplk; ,Ue;J mjw;Fg; fLikahd vjpHg;G vOe;jJ.

 

vdNt ,e;jpaHfs; jiyfPohf epd;wpUe;jhYk; mnkupf;fhitf; fz;L gpbj;jpUf;f KbahJ! mjw;Fj; Njitahd Gtpapay;> thdtpay; mwpT mtHfsplk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

 

khwhf ,Rg;ghdpaH> NghHj;Jf;NfaH Nghd;NwhUf;F mjw;fhd Gtpapay; mwpT ,Ue;jJ.  me;j mwpTf;Ff; fhy;Nfhs; ,l;ltHfs; fpNuf;fHfs; vd;gijj;jhd; NkNy ghHj;Njhk;.

 

 njhykpapd; Gtpapay; Ehy; ,uz;L tifahf vOjg;gl;lJ. Kjy; tifapy; 26 ngupa gpuNjr tiu glq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. kw;wjpy; 64 rpwpa gpuNjr tiu glq;fSk; 4 ngupa tiu glq;fSk; ,Ue;jd. njhykp jhd; fPwpa cyfg; glj;jpy; (kf;fs; thOk; epyg;gug;G) INuhg;gh> Mgpupf;fh> Mrpahf; fz;lq;fspy; cs;s 1300 ,lq;fSk; mjd; eLf;NfhLfs; (latitudes )> epiuNfhLfs; (  longitudes)    Rl;bf;fhl;lg; gl;bUe;jJ. njhykpapd; cyfg; glj;jpy; mNef jtWfs; ,Ue;jhYk; mtuJ fhyj;Jf;F mJngupa rhjidahFk;.

 

fpNuf;f mwptpayhsHfs; mtHfs; vj;Jiwiar; rhHe;jtHfshf ,Ue;jhYk; vy;NyhUk; nka;apyhsHfs; ( jj;Jtthjpfs;) vdg; nghJthf miof;fg;gl;ldH.

 

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fshd gj;Jg;ghl;L vl;Lj; njhif Ehy;fspy;> gj;Jg; ghl;by; FwpQ;rpg; ghl;ilg; ghba GytH fgpyuhtH. 261 mbfisf; nfhz;l ,g;ghly; FwpQ;rp xOf;fj;ijg; gw;wpaJ. Mupa murd; gpufj;jDf;Fj; njkpo;r; Ritia Cl;lf; fgpyH ,g;ghliyg; ghbdhH vd;gH. FwpQ;rp epyr; rpwg;Gg;gw;wpr; nrhy;Yk;NghJ me;j epyj;Jf;Fupa 99 kyHfspd; ngaHfis tupirahfr; nrhy;YfpwhH. mijg; ghHj;J ehk; kiyj;Jg; NghfpNwhk;.

 

Mdhy; fgpyupd; fhyj;Jf;F rw;W Ke;jp fpNuf;fj;jpy; tho;e;j jpNahgpu];j]; ( Theophrastus 370-288 BC )      vd;gtH  Gfo;gilj;j nka;tpayhsH mup];Njhl;lypd; khztuhtH. ,tH

md;iwa fpNuf;f nka;tpsf;ftpay; (jj;Jtk;) tuthw;iw (,jpy; thdtpay;> cstpay;>  ,aw;gpay; (ngsjPfk;)> kUj;Jtk; vy;yhk; mlq;Fk;) vOjpaNjhL jhtutpay;gw;wp ,uz;L Ehy;fis vOjpAs;shH. ""jhtu Muha;r;rp""  Historia Plantarum ("Plant-Researches") kw;Wk; ""jhtuapay;"" (  de Causis Plantarum ("Plant-Aetiology") vd;gNj me;j Ehy;fshFk;.

 

mtH jdJ Muha;r;rpf;F Vjd;]; efupy; mup];Njhl;lyhy; njhlf;fp itf;fg;gl;l kuj; Njhl;lq;fis njupe;njLj;jhH. mijtpl kfh mnyf;rhe;jupd; fPo;j;jpirg; gilnaLg;gpy; fye;J nfhz;L ehL jpUk;gpa NghHtPuHfsplKk; jhtuq;fisg;gw;wpf; Nfl;lwpe;jhH. jhtuapay;gw;wp Kiwahf> mtw;wpd; msT> Fzhk;rk;gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;L vOjpa Kjy; kdpjuhtH.

 

,Uz;l fhyk; fp.gp. 4k; -11k; Ehw;whz;L tiu njhlHe;jJ. mjd; gpd; fpNuf;fHfsJ mwptpay; gilg;Gf;fis> Fwpg;ghf fzpjk;> thdtpay; Jiwfs;> INuhg;gpa nkhopfspy; nkhopngaHj;J  mtw;iwg; gbf;fj; njhlq;fpdhHfs;. fpNuf;fj;jpd; kpfg; Gfo;;gilj;j  thdtpay; mwpthsH njhykp vOjpa ""Gtpapay;"" ("Geography") Ehy;jhd; nfhyk;grpd; gazj;Jf;F top tFj;jJ.

 

tpag;ngd;dntd;why; ,e;j nkhopngaHg;Gf;fis md;iwa fj;Njhypf;f  fpwpj;jJt kjFUkhNu Kd;dpd;W nra;jhHfs;. njhykpapd; Gtpapay; Ehy; 12tJ Nghg; fpwnfupf;Fk;>  5tJ myf;rhd;jUf;Fk; fhzpf;if Mf;fg;gl;lJ. ,NjNghy; fpNuf;fj;jpd; fzpj Nkijahd  MHf;fpkpb]; ( Archimedes) vOjpa Ehy;fis nkhopngaHg;gjw;F  5tJ epf;fy]; MjuT mspj;jhH.  Nghg;ghz;ltUf;F  mLj;j FU tFg;gpy; ,Ue;j ngrhupNahd;  (Cardinal Bessarion)  Vuhskhd fpNuf;f Ehy;fis Nrfupj;jhH. ,it fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ntdp]; (Venice)efupYs;s kWkyHr;rp Ehyfj;jpd; njhlf;fj;Jf;F mbfhyhf ,Ue;jd.  (tsUk;)

 

 

 

 

 

fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu

xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......

jkpoupd; thdtpay; mwpT Nrhjplj;Jf;F kl;LNk gad;gl;lJ!  

(34 )

 

njhlHe;J vOJtjw;F Kjy; "Kof;fk;" thrfHfSf;F xU ey;y (nfl;l?) nra;jpnahd;iwr;  nrhy;yptpltpUk;GfpNwd;.

 

ehd; kPz;Lk; mLj;j fpoik fpA+ghTf;F gazk; nra;a ,Uf;fpNwd;. nrd;wKiw NghdNghJ fpA+ghitg; ghHj;Jtpl;L fdlh jpUk;gp xU gazf; fl;Liu vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;w jpl;ltl;lkhd vz;zk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mT];jpNuypahtpy; ehd;F khjq;fs; ,Ue;Jtpl;L ehL jpUk;gpaJk; ""cq;fs; gaz mDgtq;fis "Kof;fj;jpy;" vOJq;fNsd;"" vd;W mjd; ,izahrpupaH thdjp Nfl;lhH. ""vOj Mirjhd;. Neuq;fpilj;jhy; vOj Kaw;rpf;fpNwd;"" vd;W nrhd;Ndd;.

 

""mT];jpNuypa gazk;gw;wpj;jhd; vOjKbatpy;iy. rup fpA+ghgw;wpahtJ vOJNthk;"" vd;w vz;zj;jpy;fpA+gh nrd;W jpUk;gpaTld; ,e;jj; njhliu vOj Muk;gpj;Njd;.

 

gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH jkpo;ehL KOijAk; tlf;Nf jpUg;gjp njhlq;fp njw;Nf FkupKidtiu kfp*He;jpy; rupahf ,uz;L fpoik Rw;wpg; ghHj;Jtpl;L te;J mg;NghJ fupfhyid Mrpupauhff; nfhz;L ntspte;j "RlH" jpq;fs; ,jOf;F vdJ  gaz mDgtq;fis ePz;l  fl;Liuahf vOjpf; nfhLj;Njd;. ehd; ehl;by; ,y;yhjjhy; me;jf; fl;Liu ntspte;jjh ,y;iyah vd;gJ njupatpy;iy.

 

ehd; ,Jtiu Mapuj;Jf;Fk; mjpfkhd murpay;> ,yf;fpak;> rkak; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; fl;Liufs; vOjpAs;Nsd;. Mdhy; mit vJTk; ,e;jf; fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu thrfHfsplk; Njhw;Wtpj;j MHtj;ijj; Vidait Njhw;Wtpf;ifNghy; vdf;Fg; gLfpwJ.

 

vd;id Kd;gpd; njupahjtHfs;$l vd;id milahsk;  fz;L nfhz;L ""fpA+ghtpy;  vt;tsT ehl;fs; ,Ue;jPHfs;? gply; f];Nwhitr; re;jpj;jPHfsh?"" vd;W Nfl;fpwhHfs;.

 

,d;Dk; gyH ehd; mLj;jKiw fpA+ghtpw;Fg; NghFk;NghJ jq;fisAk;  $l;bf; nry;YkhW Nfl;fpwhHfs;. Kbahtpl;lhy; vg;gbg; NghfpwJ vd;gijahtJ nrhy;Yq;fs; vdf; Nfl;fpwhHfs;.

 

Vw;fdNt "Kof;fk;" MrpupaH jpU> ,izahrpupaH thdjp ,UtUk; fpA+ghit Kbe;j kl;Lk; Rw;wpg; ghHj;Jtpl;Lj; jpUk;gptpl;lhHfs;. ""fpA+gh me;j khjpup ,Ue;jJ. ve;jg; gf;fk; ghHj;jhYk; gr;irg; gNry; vdf; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ"" vd;gJ mtHfs; ,UtuJk; Vfkdjhd jPHg;G!

 

fpA+ghtpw;Fg; gaz xOq;Fisr; nra;Ak; jkpo; KftHfs; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. fpA+gh Nghf tpUk;GtHfs; "Kof;fk;" MrpupaNuhL  njhlHG nfhz;lhy; mtHfs; cq;fis Fwpg;gpl;l jkpo; KftHfSld; njhlHG Vw;gLj;jpj; jUthH.  

 

,q;fpUe;J tre;jfhyj;jpy; my;yJ Nfhil fhyj;jpy; Ngha;tUk;NghJ gazf; fl;lzk; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.     

 

1466 njhlf;fk; 1484 tiuapyhd Mz;LfSf;F 2tJ Nghg;ghz;ltH NghYf;fhf epf;fy]; n[HkhD]; ehl;fhb xd;iwj; jahupj;jhH. mjpy; 1473k; Mz;L Vg;uy; 26 ghjp #upa fpufzk; Vw;gLk; vd;Wk;> Nk khjk; 11 ghjp re;jpu fpufzk; Vw;gLk; vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

 

fhHbdy; ngrhupNahd; Mjupj;j mwpQuhd Nahdh]; nw[pNahnkhd;ld]; (Joannes Regiomontanus)  njhykpapd; thdEhiyg; Jiwawf; fw;W mjid Kw;whfg; Gupe;J nfhz;l Kjy; INuhg;gpauhtH. ,tuJ fpNuf;f nkhopngaHg;Gf;fNs NfhngHdpr]; ( Copernicus)  Nghd;w mwptpayhsHfSf;F 16k; Ehw;whz;by; thdtpay;gw;wp Kw;wpYk; Gjpa Gul;rpfu Nfhl;ghLfis Kd;itg;gjw;F topfhl;bahf ,Ue;jd. ,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; kj ek;gp;f;if> mwptpay; ,uz;Lk; ntt;Ntwhfg; ghHf;fg;glhJ xd;whfNt ghHf;fg;gLk; gz;ghL ,Ue;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

 

fpNuf;f nkhopapy; ,Ue;J  jj;Jtk;> kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; mwptpay; Ehy;fis ,yj;jpd; nkhopf;F nkhopngaHj;jtHfspy; tpy;ypak; ( William of Moerbeke)  vd;gtUk; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yf; $ba ,d;ndhU mwpQH.  MHf;fpkPbrpd; ifnaOj;Jr; Rtbfs; midj;ijAk;  ,tH nkhopngaHg;Gr; nra;jpUf;fpwhH. ,jpy; Ntbf;if vd;dntd;why; MHf;fpkPb]; vOjpa %y Ehy;fs; mope;njhopa nkhopngaHg;G Ehy;fs; jg;gpg; gpioj;jd.  

 

,f;Fypl; (fp.K. 300)  vOjpa %yg;nghUl;fs; ( Elements)  vd;w Ehy; rpwg;G tha;e;jJ. ,d;ndhU fzpj tpw;gd;dH igj;Njhnfhw]; (Pythagoras).  ,tHjhd; ehq;fs; gs;spapy; gbj;j igj;jhf;nfhwpad; #j;jpuj;jpd; je;ijahthH. xU nrq;Fj;jhd Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; ePsg;ghl;by; cs;s rJuj;jpd; gug;gsT mjd; vQ;rpa ,uz;L gf;fq;fspYk; cs;s rJuq;fspd; $l;Lj; njhiff;F rkk; vd;gij ,e;j #j;jpuk; vz;gpf;fpwJ.

 

gjpide;jhk; Ehw;whz;lstpy; ,g;NghJ eilKiwapy; cs;s ehl;fhl;bfs; ntsptuj;  njhlq;fpd. #upad;> re;jpud; kw;Wk; fpufq;fspd; epiyfs; ( [hjfk; fzpg;gjw;F)> re;jpu #upa  fpufzq;fs; Vw;gLk; ehSk; nghOJk; Fwpf;fg;gl;ld.

 

1466 njhlf;fk; 1484 tiuapyhd Mz;LfSf;F 2tJ Nghg;ghz;ltH NghYf;fhf epf;fy]; n[HkhD]; vd;gtH ehl;fhl;bfisj; jahupj;jhH. mjpy; 1473k; Mz;L Vg;uy; 26 ghjp #upa fpufzk; Vw;gLk; vd;Wk;> Nk khjk; 11 ghjp re;jpu fpufzk; Vw;gLk; vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

 

cyf ehfupfj;jpw;F fpNuf;fHfspd; gq;fspg;igg;gw;wp> mtHfsJ Nkyhz;ikgw;wp vLj;Jr; nrhy;yNt Nkw;$wpa juTfis njhl;Lf; fhl;bAs;Nsd;. mtHfsJ KOikahd gq;fspg;igg;gw;wp vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;why; Fiwe;jJ EhW Gj;jfq;fshtJ vOj Ntz;Lk;.  

 

jkpoHfisg; nghWj;jstpy; rq;f fhyj; jkpoHfSf;Fj; njupe;jpUe;j  thdpay;> fzpjk; gw;wpa rq;fjpfs; Guhz fhyj;Jj; jkpoHfsplk; ,y;yhky; my;yJ Fiwe;J Ngha;tpl;lJ.

 

rq;f fhyj; jkpoHfSf;F tpz;kPd;fs; gw;wpa mwpT ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. jpUkz ehis jpq;fSk; (re;jpud;) cNuhfpzpAk; $ba ey;y ehspy; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhHfs;. jpq;fspd; tsHr;rp Nja;T  nfhz;L fzf;fpLk;; Kiwia njupe;J itj;jpUe;jhHfs;. vdNtjhd; khjj;ij jpq;fs; vd jkpoH mioj;jdH.

  

Mz;bid MW ngUk;nghOjhf fhH> $jpH> Kd;gdp> gpd;gdp> ,sNtdpy;> KJNtdpy; fhyq;fisg;  gFj;jhHfs;. ehis itfiw> fhiy> ez;gfy;> Vw;ghL> khiy> ahkk; vd MW  rpWnghOjhfg; gFj;jhHfs;. xU ehisf;F mWgJ ehopiffs; vdf; fzf;fpl;lhHfs;. xU ehspif vd;gJ 24 epkplq;fs;.

 

jhNk xsptplf; $bad ehz; kPd;fs; vd;Wk;> Qhapw;wpl;lkpUe;J fld;ngw;W xspHtd Nfhs; kPd;fs; vd;Wk; tifg; gLj;jpdhHfs;.

 

jkpopy; ,d;W fpilf;Fk;  kpfg; gioikahd Ehy; njhy;fhg;gpak;. RkhH 2>500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH vOjg;gl;lJ. mjpy; mjd; MrpupaH  njhy;fhg;gpaH capupdq;fis mtw;wpd; mwpT epiyf;Nfw;g MW ,dq;fshf tFj;J ciuf;fpwhH. mg;b tFj;jtH jdf;F Kd; tho;e;j GytH ngUkf;fs; vdTk; njhy;fhg;gpaH njuptpf;fpwhH.

 

""xd;W mwptJNt cw;W mwptJNt

 ,uz;L mwptJNt mjndhL ehNt

 %d;W mwptJNt mtw;nwhL %f;Nf

 ehd;F mwptJNt mtw;nwhL fz;Nz

 Ie;J mwptJNt mtw;nwhL  nrtpNa

 MW mwptJNt mtw;nwhL nrtpNa

 MW mwptJNt mtw;NwhL kdNd

 Neupjpd; czHe;NjhH newpg;gLj;jpdNu.""

 

(njhy;. kugpay; -1526)

 

(clk;ghy; kl;Lk; mwptd XH  mwpT capHfs;. clk;ghYk; ehthYk; mwptd ,uz;L mwpTapHfs;. clk;G> eh> %f;F  %d;whYk; mwptd %mwp capHfs;. clk;G> eh> %f;F> fz;> ,it ehd;fhYk;  mwptd ehywp capHfs;. clk;G> eh> %f;F> fz;> fhJ vd;Dk; Ie;jhy; mwptd  Itwp capHfs;. clk;G> eh> %f;F> fz;> fhJ> kdk; ,e;j MNwhLk; mwptd Mwwp capHfs;. ,tw;iwj; njspthf czHe;NjhH newp Kiwahf czHj;jp cs;sdH.)

 

rq;ffhy thdpay; mwpT  mjw;Fg; gpe;jpa fhyj;jpy; tsHe;jhfj;  njupatpy;iy. ,Ue;j thdpay; mwpit itj;Jf; nfhz;L Nrhjplk; nrhy;y jkpoHfs; Kw;gl;lhHfs;. tpaho Njhrk;> rdp Njhrk;> nrt;tha;  Njhrk; vd;W nrhy;yp kf;fis klikapy; Mo;j;jp mtHfsJ mbkbapy; fl;bapUe;j gzj;ij cUtr; NrhjplHfs;> mHr;rfHfs;  Nrhjplf; fiyiag;  gad;gLj;jpdhHfs;. ,g;NghJk; gad;gLj;jp tUfpwhHfs;.

 

vdJ ez;gH xUtH nkj;jg; gbj;jtH. mDgtrhyp. ntspAwT mikr;rpd; fPOs;s ntspehl;Lj; Jhjufq;fspy; ePz;lfhykhf Copak; nra;jtH. mtH jdJ kfSf;F 12y; nrt;tha; mjdhy; jpUkzg; Ngr;Rf;fs; js;Sg;gl;Lf; nfhz;L Nghfpd;wd vd;W ek;GfpwhH.

 

"",t;ts gbj;j ePq;fs; ,ijnay;yhk; ek;GfpwPHfsh? mJTk; kdpjFyk; 21k; Ehw;whz;by; fhyb vLj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; ,e;jf; fhy fl;lj;jpy;> kdpjd; re;jpudpy; fhy; gjpj;jJNghjhnjd;W  nrt;tha;> rdp> tpaho fpufq;fspy; fhy; gjpf;f Kaw;rp nra;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;,e;j etPd cyfpy; nrt;tha; Njhrk; vd;W  nrhy;yp ePq;fNs ghujpahH nrhy;tJNghy ""neQ;rpw; ftiy epjKk; gapuhf;fp> mQ;rpcapH tho;fpwPHfNs ,J mwpahik ,y;iyah?""

 

"" vdf;F ek;gpf;if ,y;iy! Mdhy; vdJ kidtp ek;GfpwhH! mtuJ jfg;gdhNu xU NrhjplH! mJTk;me;j ek;gpf;iff;F xU fhuzk;!""

 

ngz;fs; Nfhtpf;fhtpl;lhy; ,e;j ,lj;jpy; xU cz;ikiar; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. (tsUk;)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu

 

jkpoHfspd; nfl;bj;jdk; ,yf;fpaj;NjhL epd;W tpl;lJ!

(35 )

xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......

 

fpA+ghtpy; ,Ue;J jpUk;gp tpl;Nld;. ,k;Kiw fpA+ghtpd; tlgFjpapy; cs;s fah nfhf;Nfh ( Cayo Coco) vd;w rpW jPtpw;Fg; NghNdhk;. ,e;jj; jPtpd; gug;gsT 370 rJu fp.kPl;lH. fpA+ghtpd; ehd;fhtJ ngupa jPT. fpA+ghtpd; jiyepyj;jpy; (Mainland) ,Ue;J 17 fp. kP. njhiytpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. 1988k; Mz;L ,e;jj; jPit jiyepyj;NjhL ,izg;gjw;F mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuj;ij ClWj;J xU fw;rhiy Nghl;lhHfs;. Iahapuk; njhopyhsHfs; gjpide;J khjq;fs; cioj;J me;jr; rhiyia Nghl;L Kbj;jjhf  topfhl;b nrhd;dhH.  

 

me;jj; jPtpy; ahUk; FbapUf;ftpy;iy. jPtpd; xU Gwk; rJg;G epyk;. vq;Nf ghHj;jhYk; gw;iwf;fhL. fpA+ghit moFgLj;Jk; gidkuq;fs; ( palms) fhzg;gLfpd;wd. aho;g;ghzf; flw;fiuNahukhff; fhzg;gLk; mlk;gd;nfhb Vuhsk;. vq;fs; CH fUf;FUtp> kuf;nfhj;jp Nghd;w gwit ,dq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

 

,e;jj; jPit tpyq;Fs;> gwitfs;> nrbnfhbfs; (fauna  and flora) ,tw;wpd; ruzhyakhf itj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.

 

Mdhy; vq;fs; fz;fis nfhs;is nfhs;td gpskpq;Nfh (flamingo) vd;w gwitfs;. Kg;gjpdhapuj;Jf;Fk; mjpfkhd ,e;j ,sQ; rptg;G epwg; (pink) gwitfs; ,e;jj; jPtpd; moFf;F moF NrHf;fpd;wd. fhzf; fz;Nfhb Ntz;Lk;. fhl;Lg;gd;wpfs; ,Uf;fpd;wdthk;. ghHf;ff; xU Fiff;Ff; $l;bg; NghdhHfs;. Mdhy; xd;Wk; fz;Zf;Fj; njd;gltpy;iy.

 

,e;jj; jPtpd; rpwg;ngd;d? mjd; nts;isntNsH vd;w gj;J fp.  kPl;lH Jhuk; nfhz;l  flw;fiujhd;. vq;F ghHj;jhYk; ghy;Nghd;w nts;is kzy;. gspq;FNghd;w jz;zPH. fiuapy; ,Ue;J xU Ik;gJ kPl;lHJhuk; ,Lg;gsT jz;zPH. mjw;fg;ghy;jhd; flypd; Mok; mjpfupf;fpwJ. xU fpNyh kPl;lH JhuKs;s xUkug;ghyk; xd;iwAk; fl;bAs;shHfs;. Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; nghOJ Nghf;Ff;F  mq;Nf Jhz;by; Nghl;L kPd; gpbf;fpwhHfs;.

 

Ntbf;if vd;dntd;why; ehq;fs; epd;w N`hl;lypd; mUfpy; cs;s mofhd flw;fiuiatpl ,d;Dk; crj;jpahd flw;fiu ,Ug;gjhff; $wp xU rpd;d njhlH tz;bapy; $l;bf; nfhz;L Ngha; mq;F Fspf;f Vw;ghL nra;jhHfs;. ,e;jf; flw;fiu ,d;Dk; mjpf moNfhL tpsq;fpaJ. cyfpy; ,g;gb moF nfhl;bf;fplf;Fk; jPTfs; kpff; Fiwthfj;jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

 

,g;gbahd jPTfs; gy fpA+ghit mz;b ,Uf;fpd;wd. nkhj;jk;  ehyhapuj;J Ehw;W njhz;Zhw;W Ie;J jPTfs; fpA+ghtpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhf ,Uf;fpwnjd;W topfhl;b nrhd;dNghJtha; gpse;J NghNdhk;. mij ek;g KbahkYk; ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy; topfhl;b ngha; nrhy;tjhff; fUj ,lkpy;iy.

,e;jj; jPTfspy; gj;Jg; gd;dpuz;il tpiy nfhLj;J thq;fp jkpoPoj;Jf;F ,Oj;Jf; nfhz;Lte;jhy; vd;d vd;W vd;  kdk; mq;fyha;j;jJ. jkpoPoj;jpd; Rw;Wyhj;Jiwf;F epuk;g gad; cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. gRtpf; rKj;jpuj;jpy; jPT thq;ff; fpsk;gpatHfs; ,ijapl;L Nahrpj;jhy; ey;yJ.

 

,e;jthl;b tlf;fpy; ntuNlwhtpw;F fpof;Nf cs;s Nkhwd; (Moron)) vd;w efupy;  ,Ue;J 360 fp. kPl;lH Jhuj;jpy; vjpHg;Gwkhf ,Uf;Fk; jpwpdhl; (Trinidad)  efiur; Rw;wpg; ghHj;Njhk;. jpwpdhl; fpA+ghtpd; %d;whtJ ngupa efuk;.

 

NghFk; rhiyapd; ,U kuq;fpYk; khwp khwp fUk;Gj; Njhl;lk;> khkuj; Njhl;lk;> thioj; Njhl;lk;> Njhlk;goj; Njhl;lk; Nghd;wit  iky;fzf;fpy; ePz;L fple;jd. ,itgw;wp gpd;dH vOJNtd;.

 

ehd; Kd;dH nrhd;dJNghy fpA+ghtpw;F Nghf tpUk;GtHfs; ,g;NghJNghdhy;  fl;lzk; kpff; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. NghfpwtHfs; gpd;tUk; nrhw;fis nel;LUg; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L NghtJ gy topfspYk; cjtpahf,Uf;Fk;.

 

N`hl;ly; CopaHfisAk;> cs;@H thrpfisAk; ,Rg;ghdpa nkhopapy; tho;j;jpdhy; mtHfs; cr;rp FspHe;;JNghthHfs;.

 

English

 

Hello

Good day/Good morning

Good night

How are you?

Good-bye

Do you speak English/French?

Please

Thank you

You are welcome

Yes/no

Where is ...?

Pardon me

I don’t understand

Currency exchange

I want...

Water

Wine

Hot/cold

Washroom

Room

Airport

Bank

Beach

Bus

Postage stamp

Doctor

 

 

Espagnol

 

Hola

Buenos dias

Buenas moches

Como esta usted?

Hasta luego

Habla ingles/frances?

Por favor

Muchas gracias

De mada

Si/no

Donde esta...?

Perdon

No entiendo

Casa de cambio

Yo quiero

Agua

Vino

Caliente/frio

Bario

Habitacion

Aeropuerto

Banco

Playa
Autobus

Estampilla/sello

Medico

 

,dpf; ,f; fl;Liuj; njhliu tpl;l ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J njhlHfpNwd;. jkpo;r; rKjhak; ngz;fis mlf;fpxLf;fp mtHfisf; Nfhiofshf> jd;dk;gpf;if mw;wtHfshf> nghUshjhu jsj;jpy; Mz;fis ek;gp my;yJ mz;b tho;gtHfshf tsHj;J vLj;J tpl;lJ.  ,jdhy; %lek;gpf;if vd;W tUk;NghJ ngz;fsplNk mJ mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpJ.    

 

jkpoPoj;jpy; ,e;j epyik ,d;W khwptUfpwJ. gpughfud; vd;w xU vOQhapW fPo;thdj;jpy; cjpj;j gpd;dH ghujp fdT fz;l "" epkpHe;j ed;dil  NeHnfhz;l  ghHitAk; epyj;jpy; ahHf;Fk; mQ;rhj newpfSk;> jpkpHe;j Qhdr; nrUf;Fk;"" epiwe;j GJikg; ngz;fs; Njhd;wpapUf;fpwhHfs;>  mfg;ig Ve;jpa iffs; ,d;W VNf 47 Jg;ghf;fpfis Jhf;fpAs;sd.

 

Mdhy; nghJthf jkpo;g; ngz;fs; r%f khw;wj;ij vjpHnfhs;sj; jaq;FfpwhHfs;. ehs;> el;rj;jpuk;> G+ir> GdHf;fhuk; kw;Wk; Nfhapy; Fsk; vd;W tUk;NghJ Mz;fistpl ngz;fNs mtw;iwf; nfl;bahff; fl;bg; gpbj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhHfs;.

 

vdf;Fj; njupe;j ez;gH xUtupd; JiztpahH fpl;lj;jl;l tUlk;  365 ehSk; tpujk; ,Ug;ghH. ,g;gb jz;zPH cztpd;wp tpujk; ,Ue;jjhy; mtUf;F Flypy; Gz; (ulcer) te;Jtpl;lJ.

 

,g;gbr; nrhy;tjhy; tpujk; ,Ug;gJ jtW mjpy; gydpy;iy vd;W ehd; nrhy;tjhf ahUk; fUjptplf;$lhJ. tpujk; ,Ug;gJ cly; eyj;jpw;F ey;yJ. Mdhy; mijg; Gj;jprhypj;jdkhf kUj;JtuJ MNyhridAld; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

 

tpujk; ,Ug;gtHfs; nfhQ;rk; nrhQ;rkhf czitf; Fiwj;J kPz;Lk; rpwpJ rpwpjhf czitf; $l;l Ntz;Lk;. jz;zPH Fbg;gij ve;jf; fl;lj;jpYk; epWj;jf; $lhJ. Mdhy; eilKiwapy; ehk; fhz;gJ ,e;j tpjpf;F NeHkhwhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

 

mkthir my;yJ gTHzkpf;F xU ehs; tpujk; ,Ug;gtHfs; czit fhiyapy; jpBnud epWj;JfpwhHfs;. Mdhy; kj;jpahdk; tpujj;ij Kbf;Fk;NghJ tof;fkhf ,uz;L fwpNahL rhg;gpLfpw tpujfhuH  gj;Jtpjf; fwpNahL rhg;gpl;L fhiy jtpHj;j czitAk; NrHj;J rhg;gpl;L tpLfpwhHfs;.

 

,jdhy;jhd; NghYk;  aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rd;djp>  ey;YhHj;  jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspy;  re;ijapy; fha;fwp tpiy ,wq;Ftjw;Fg; gjpy;t tpz;Zf;Fk; KfpYf;Fk; VwptpLfpwJ!

 

ierPupahtpy; Copak; nra;j fhyj;jpy; ,];yhkpaHfsJ uhk;rhd; Nehd;gpd;NghJ fha;fwp kl;Lky;y ,iwr;rpapd; tpiyAk; VwptpLk;!  gfy; KOJk; ckpup$l tpOq;fhJ Nehd;G mDl;bf;Fk; Nehd;Gf;fhuHfs; #upad; kiwe;j gpd;dUk;> mLj;j ehs; fhiy #upad; cjpf;Fk; Kd;Gk; KbA kl;Lk; rhg;gpl;L tpLfpwhHfs;! ,jw;Fg; ngaH Nehd;G vd;gjpy; vdf;F cld;ghby;iy. Mdhy; mtHfs; me;j Nehd;gpy; nfhz;Ls;s ek;gpf;ifia nkr;RfpNwd;.

ey;y fhyk; ehd; Kd;dH Fwpg;gpl;l ez;gupd; kfSf;F 12y; nrt;tha;. 8y; nrt;tha; vd;why; ,d;ndhU vl;Lr; nrt;thAs;s khg;gps;isiaj; Njbf; fz;L gpbf;f mtUf;F xU lrpd; nrUg;Gf;fs; Nja;e;jpUf;Fk;!

 

fpNuf;fiug; Nghy thdtpaiy xU ,ayhf tsHj;njLf;f jkpoHfs; jtwptpl;lhHfs;. thdtpaiyg;gw;wp tpupthd Ehy;fs; vJTk; jkpoHfs;  vOjpajhfj; njupatpy;iy. gs;spf;$lq;fs;> gy;fiyf; fofq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw cUthfpajw;Fr; rhd;wpy;iy. ngUk;ghYk; kUj;Jtk;> thdtpay; Nghd;w  Jiwfs; ghuk;gupa FLk;gr; nrhj;jhf ,Ue;jjhfj; njupfpwJ. jkpoHfs; gpw ,dj;jtHfSf;F mbikg;gl;l NghJ ,itgw;wpa VLk;gbg;Gk; Nghw;wg;glhj fhuzq;fshy; mit mope;J Nghapd.

 

jkpoHfsJ nfl;bj;jdk; ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fz> ,ir> gpw;fhyj;jpy; fl;blf; fiy ,tw;NwhL epd;W tpl;ld.khwhf ,Rg;ghdpaH> NghHj;Jf;NfaH Nghd;NwhUf;F mjw;fhd Gtpapay;>thdtpay;  mwpT ,Ue;jJ. me;j mwpTf;Ff; fhy;Nfhs; ,l;ltHfs; fpNuf;fHfs;. fpNuf;fHfspd; nkhopngaHg;Gf;fisg; gbj;j ,j;jhypaH> n[HkhdpaH>  Mq;fpNyaH NkYk;  Muha;r;rpapy; <Lgl;L jq;fs; mwpit tsHj;Jf; nfhz;lhHfs;.

 

Mq;fpyj;jpy; mwpTjhd; rf;jp (Knowledge is power)  vd;w nghd;nkhop ,Uf;fpwJ. ehk; ,d;iwa cyf ehLfsJ murpay;-nghUshjhu mikg;igf; $He;J ftdpj;jhy; mwptpaypy; Kd;Ndwp cs;s ehLfs;jhd; nghUshjhuj; jsj;jpy; nfhbfl;bg; gwf;fpd;wd. (tsUk;)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu

 

mwptpay; cyfj;ij MSfpwJ!

(36 )

xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......

 

mnkupf;fh> ag;ghd;> n[Hkdp Nghd;w ehLfs; tpaj;jf  nghUshjhu  tsHr;rpiaf; fz;Lnfhz;Ls;sjw;F mwptpaiy me;j ehLfs; trg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJjhd; mbg;gilf; fhuzk;.

 

mnkupf;fhtpd; nghUshjhu tsHr;rpf;F mjd; %ytsq;fs;jhd; fhuzk; vd;W rpyH nrhy;yf;$Lk;. Mdhy; ag;ghid vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. me;j ehL %y tsq;fs; Fiwe;j xU rpwpa ehL.  xU fpNyh ,Uk;igf;$l Njhz;b vLf;f KbahjthW fdpg;nghUs; tsk; ,y;yhj ehL. Mdhy; me;j ehLjhd;  ghupa fg;gy;fs;> tz;bfs; Nghd;wtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; cyfpy; ,d;W Kd;dzpapy; epw;fpwJ.

 

mjpf Jhuk; NghthNdd;. A+jHfspd; nghUs; tsj;ijtpl mtHfsJ %is tse;jhd; me;j ehL ,d;W kj;jpa Mrpahtpy; xU Fl;b ty;yurhf jpfo itj;jpUf;fpwJ. ,];Nuyplk;  ,Ue;J ,e;jpah> rPdh Nghd;w ehLfs; mjp etPd ,uhZt jsghlq;fis gyNfhb nlhyHfs; nfhLj;J thq;Ffpd;wd.

 

,e;jpah>  ghfp];jhdpy; ,Ue;J jPtputhjpfs; f\;kPUf;Fs; CLUtijj; jLf;f ghfp];jhd; - f\;kPH ,uz;ilAk; gpupf;Fk; midj;Jyf vy;iyNahukhf xU ,uhZt Ntypia milf;fpwJ. ,e;j njhopy; El;gj;ij ,e;jpah ,];Nuyplk; ,Ue;Jjhd; ngUe;njhifg; gzk; nfhLj;J thq;fpAs;sJ.

 

=yq;fh flw;gilAk;> tpkhdg; gilAk; KiwNa ,];Nuypa  jahupg;Gf;fshd Nlhuh mjpNtfg; glFfshYk;> fpgPH Fz;L tPr;R tpkhdq;fshYk; epug;gg;gl;Ls;sJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.

 

kf;fs; rKjhak; mwpTs;sjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij gy Ehw;whz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu mt;itahH (rq;ffhy mt;itahH my;y. ,tH ,d;ndhU mt;itahH)  nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhH.

 

"",dpaJ Nfl;fpd; jdpneL NtNyha;!

 ,dpJ ,dpJ Vfhe;jk; ,dpJ>

 mjdpDk; ,dpJ Mjpiaj; njhOjy;>

 mjdpDk; ,dpJ mwptpdHr; NrHjy;>

 mjdpDk; ,dpJ mwpTs;shiuf;

 fdtpYk; edtpYk; fhz;gJ jhNd!     

 

(jdpg;ghly; jpul;L)

 

xg;gw;w Ntiy MAjkhf cilatNd!

,d;gj;ijj; jUtJ ahnjdf; Nfl;lhy;?

,dpatw;Ws; vy;yhk; ,dpikiaj; jUtJ

kw;wtuJ njhe;juT ,y;yhky; jdpikahf ,Ug;gjhFk;.

mijtpl ,dpikahdJ

vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Kjw; fhuzkhfpa flTis tzq;FtjhFk;.

mijtpl ,dpikiaj; jUtJ

mwpTilahHfisr; NrHe;J ,d;gk; mDgtpj;jyhk;.

mijtpl ,dpikiaj; jUtJ

mwpQiuf; fdtpYk; edtpYk; fhz;gjhFk;!

 

flTisj; njhOtijtpl> mwpTilahsHfisr; NrHe;J ,Uf;Fk;  ,d;gk; mijtpl ,dpikahdJ> mtHfisf; fdtpYk;  edtpYk; fhz;gJ mijtpl  ,dpikahdJ vd;W mt;itahH $WtJ <z;L ftdpf;fj; jf;fJ. Mdhy; ,e;j mwpTiu ahH nrtpapYk; tpOe;jjhfj; njupatpy;iy.

 

nfhyk;g]; Nghd;w flNyhbfs; gj;jhapuk; iky; ePsKs;s mj;jpyhe;jpr; rKj;jpuj;ij jhz;b fpA+gh Nghd;w Nkw;fpe;jpa  jPTfisAk; njd;-tl mnkupf;f fz;lq;fisAk; fz;Lgpbj;J mtw;iw ,Rg;ghdpa> NghHj;Jf;fy;> gpupj;jhdpah Nghd;w  NguuNrhL ,izf;f Kbe;jnjd;why;  mjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzp me;j ehLfs; mwptpaypy; Kd;dzp tfpj;jhFk;.  Fwpg;ghf thdtpay;> Gtpay; gw;wpa mwptpay; Jiwfspy; me;j ehLfs; Kd;Ndwp ,Ue;jd.

 

,g;gb ehL gpbf;fte;j epyf;  nfhs;isf;fhuHfis  G+HtPf kf;fshy; vjpHj;J ntw;wpnfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. fhuzk; mtHfsJ mk;Gk; tpy;Yk;> thSk; <l;bAk; gPuq;fpf;Fk; Jg;ghf;fpf;Fk; vjpuhf epd;W gpbf;f Kbatpy;iy.

 

aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;ijg; gpbf;f NghHj;Jf;NfaH; ePz;l  fhyk; NghuhbdhHfs;. ,yq;ifapy; 1505k; Mz;L fhyb gjpj;j NghHj;Jf;NfaH 1619k; Mz;Ljhd; aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;ij ifg;gw;w Kbe;jJ. mjw;F Ke;jpa NghHj;Jf;NfauJ gilnaLg;Gf;fs; Njhy;tp fz;ld. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;ij Mz;ljkpo; kd;dHfs; fhl;ba msg;gupa tPukhFk;. ,Ue;Jk; Kbtpy;  thSf;Fk; gPuq;fpf;Fk;> mwptpaypy; gpd;jq;fpa ehl;Lf;Fk;  mwptpaypy; Kd;NdwpapUe;j ehl;Lf;Fk;  ,ilapy; ele;j Nghupy;>  ths; Njhw;wJ. gPuq;fp ntd;wJ.

 

gjpNdohk; gjpndl;lhk; Ehw;whz;Lfspy; Nkw;F INuhg;ghtpy; fpof;fhrpahNthL thzpfk;  nra;tjw;fhf gytzpf epWtdq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. NghHj;Jf;Nfa flNyhbahd t];nfh l fhk (Vasco da Gama) 1497y; jd;dk;gpf;if Kidiaf;  (Cape of Good Hope)  fz;Lgpbj;J ,e;jpah nrd;wile;jJ njupe;jNj. mjidj;  njhlHe;J gy thzpf mikg;Gf;fs; Njhd;wpd. mjd; tsHr;rpNa gpd;dH fpof;F ,e;jpa fk;gdp (East India Company) ldp\; fpof;F ,e;jpa fk;gdp (Danish East India Company),
lr;R fpof;F ,e;jpa fk;gdp ( Dutch East India Company)
 Nghd;w  thzpf epWtdq;fs; Njhw;wk; nfhs;s toptFj;jd. ,e;j epWtdq;fSf;F me;je;j ehLfsJ muRfs; gl;laq;fs; ( Charters ) toq;fpd.
,e;j epWtdq;fSf;F mur MjuT ,Ue;jNjhL gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gLj;jTk;> muR mikf;fTk;> rl;lq;fs; nra;aTk;> ehzaq;fis ntspaplTk;> Aj;jj;jpy; <LglTk;> ePjp gupghydk; nra;aTk; mjpfhuq;fs; mspf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j  thzpf epWtdq;fspy; xd;whd fpof;F ,e;jpa fk;gdpjhd;  Kg;gj;J Kf;Nfhb NjtHfs; thOk; "Gz;zpa G+kpahd" ,e;jpahitf; ifg;gw;wp xU Filapd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jJ.

 

,e;jpah> ,yq;if Nghd;w ehLfs; gpupj;jhdpahtpw;F mbikg;gl;ljw;F gpupj;jhdpahtpd; flw;gil typAk; mJ ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpy; nrYj;jpa Mjpf;fKk; fhuzkhFk;.

 

RUf;fkhfr; nrhd;dhy; mwptpaypy; Kd;Ndwpa  ehLfs;  mwptpaypy;  gpd;jq;fpa ehLfs; kPJ Nkyhz;ik nrYj;jpd. cyf tuyhw;iw Cd;wpg; gbg;gtHfs; ,e;j cz;ikia czHe;J nfhs;syhk;.  

 

,d;W Kd;dHNghy; Nkw;F ehLfs; epyg; gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;Wtjpy;iy. kf;fis mbikg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. mjw;F ,d;W mtrpaKk; ,y;iy. ,e;j ehLfs; ,g;NghJ vd;d nra;fpd;wdntd;why; jq;fs; nghUshjhu gyj;ij %yjdkhf itj;Jf; nfhz;L gpd;jq;fpa ehLfisAk;> tsHKf ehLfisAk; Ruz;bg; gpiof;fpd;wd.  cyf tq;fp> midj;Jyf ehza epjpak; ( International Monetary Fund), cyf thzpf mikg;G (World Trade Organization), gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fs; (Multi National Companies) epjpAjtp> njhopy;El;g cjtp nra;fpNwhk; vd;w rhl;by; ,e;jr; Ruz;liy NjhypUf;f Ris gpLq;ftJNghy fdfr;rpjkhf nra;J tUfpd;wd.

 

ehisa jkpoPok; mwptpay; jsj;jpy; ,];NuYf;F xg;g jiy epkpHe;J epw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;why; jkpopdk; mwptpaYf;F Kf;fpa ,lk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. fy;YhupfspYk;> gy;fiyf; fofq;fspYk; jkpo; khztHfs;  nghwpapay;> fzdp Nghd;w mwptpay; gbg;gpy; Kd;dzpapy; epw;fpwhHfs; vd;w nra;jp kfpo;r;rp jUtjhf ,Ue;jhYk; mtHfs; Gjpadtw;iwf; fz;L gpbf;Fk; mwptpay; fyhrhuj;ijAk; (scientific tempo) tsHj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

 

gy;fiyf; fofq;fspy; gl;lg; gbg;ig Kbj;Jtpl;L ey;y Cjpaj;jpy; kw;wtHfSf;F iffl;b Copak; nra;ahky; nrhe;jkhf njhopw; $lq;fis Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fis fz;L gpbj;J ,yl;rhjpgjpfshf> NfhBRtuHfshf cau Ntz;Lk;.

 

fzdpj; Jiwapy;  jfty; njhopy; El;g (Information Technology) epWtdq;fis Muk;gpj;j gyH ,d;W NfhBRtuHfshf caHe;Js;shHfs;. ,jpy; ,UgJ taJf;F cl;gl;l ,isQHfSk; mlq;FtH.

 

fle;j 50 Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf Nkw;F ehLfspy; FbNawpa jkpoHfspy; ahUk; NfhBRtuHfshf Ntz;lhk; ,yl;rhjpgjpfshff; $l caHe;jjhfj; njupatpy;iy. A+jHfisg;Nghy ehKk; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; jkpoPog; Nghuhl;lk; vg;NghNjh ntw;wpfukhf Kw;Wg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

 

jkpoHfspd; tuyhw;wpy;