,uz;L Ehy;fSf;F kWtho;T!

ef;fPud;

(fdlh fe;jRthkp Nfhtpypy; rpwg;ghf ele;Njwpa ,aw;wkpo; NghjfhrpupaH r. tapj;jpaypq;fgps;is Ehw;whz;L tpohgw;wpa jpwdha;T) 

kf;fSf;Fkl;Lky;y kWtho;T> Ehy;fSf;Fk; kW tho;T nfhLf;fyhk;. gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy;  Vl;Lr;  Rtbfspy; nry;yupj;Jg; Ngha;f;fple;j rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fis CH Cuhfj; Njb miye;J mr;Rthfdk; Vw;wp mtw;Wf;F kWtho;T nfhLj;jtHfs; ,UtH.  

xUtH jkpo;j; jhj;jh  vd;W vy;NyhuhYk; nry;ykhf miof;fg;gLk; jpU. c.Nt.RthkpehjH. kw;wtH jpU. rp.it. jhNkhjudhH (1832-1901). jpU. rhkpehjH jkpOf;F Mw;wpa gzpf;fhf mtH ngupJk; kfpikg; gLj;jg;gl;Ls;shH. jpU. jhNkhjudhHgw;wp mt;thW $wKbahJ.  mtuJ gzp  Flj;jpy;  ,l;l tpsf;fhfNt ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. jpU.  jhNkhjudhH  jdJ tho;ehspy; gjpg;gpj;j Ehy;fs; gpd;tUkhW> 

    ePjp newp tpsf;fk;                             1854
    njhy; Nrdhtiuak;                            1868
    tPuNrhopak; ngUe;NjtdhH ciuAld;            1881
    ,iwadhH fstpay;                            1883
    njhy;nghUs; (er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH)                           1885
    fypj;njhif                                  1887
    ,yf;fztpsf;fk;                                1889
    #shkzp                                     1889
    njhy; vOj;jjpfhuk;                                1891
    njhy; nrhy; (er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH)                                     1892

 ,tw;wpy; ""fw;NwhH Vw;Wk; fypj;njhif""g; gjpg;Ng mtUf;Fg; Gfioj; Njbf; nfhLj;jJ.  

nry;yupj;Jg;Nghd Vl;Lr; Rtbfisj; Njbg; gpbj;J mtw;iwg; gjpg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mir jhNkhjudhUf;F vg;gb te;jJ? mjid mtNu tpsf;FfpwhH. 

""ey;y jkpo; Ehy;fSf;F te;j tpjpiaAk; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfSf;F te;j fjpiaAk; mit mile;jpUf;Fk; ];jpjpiaAk; ghHj;Jr; rfpf;f khl;lhik xd;Nw vd;id ,j;njhopypy; typg;gJ. 

""vd; rpW gpuhaj;jpy; vdJ je;ijahH vdf;Ff; fw;gpj;j Ehy;fs; ,g;NghJ ehnlq;Fk; NjbAk; mfg;gltpy;iy. xl;bj; jg;gpapUf;Fk; Gj;jfq;fSk; nfl;Lr; rpije;jpUf;Fk; jiyikia njhl;Lg; ghHj;jhyd;Nwh njupatUk;. VnlLf;Fk; NghJ Xuk; nrhupfpwJ. fl;L mtpo;f;Fk; NghJ ,jop KupfpwJ. xw;iw Gul;Lk; NghJ Jz;L Jz;lha;g; gwf;fpwJ. ,dp vOj;Jf;fNsh vd;why; thYk; jiyAkpd;wp ehYGwKk; ghzf;fyg;ig kWj;J kWj;J cOJ fplf;fpwJ."" 

mopAe;jWthapy; ,Ue;j rq;f Ehy;fis rhkpehjH> jhNkhjudhH Nghd;NwhH kPl;Lj;juhjpUe;jhy; jkpoHfSf;Fj; jq;fs; tuyhWgw;wpAk;> ehfupfr; rpwg;Gg;gw;wpg; NgRtjw;Fk; xd;Wk; ,Ue;jpuhJ.  

mg;gb ,Ue;Jk; jkpoHfs; ePUf;Fk; neUg;Gf;Fk; vz;zpwe;j Ehy;fisg; gypnfhLj;Js;shHfs;. mjw;F xU ePz;l gl;baNy ,Uf;fpwJ.

Mbg;ngUf;fd;W fhtpupapy; VLfis vwpe;jhy; Nghw ,lj;Jf;Fg; Gz;zpak; vd;W vj;jHfs; nrhy;ypa Ngr;ir ek;gp tPl;by; ,Ue;j Xiyr; Rtbfis Mw;wpy; vwpe;j ,opj;jtha;j; jkpoHfs; VuhskhNdhH vq;fSf;Fs; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.  

,d;DnkhU rhuhH rkaf; fho;GzHr;rp fhuzkhf xUtH Ehiy kw;wtH mopj;jhHfs;. gy gTj;j> rkz Ehy;fs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; irtrkaj;jtHfshy; mopf;fg;gl;ld.  

Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;whd tisahgjp ,d;W ,y;iy. mjd; Vl;Lg; gbia jpUthtLJiw MjPd Ehyfj;jpy; mq;F NguhrpupaH Re;juk;gps;is mtHfsplk; jkpo; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j rhkpehjH fz;bUf;fpwhH. mg;NghJ mtUf;F mjd; mUik njupatpy;iy. gpd;dH rq;f Ehy;fisg; gjpg;gpf;f Muk;gpj;jNghJ me;j Vl;Lr; Rtbiaj; Njb mq;F NghdhH. Mdhy; me;jr; Rtb mq;F ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

Nkw;F ehl;ltHfs; vq;fs; kz;izg; gpbj;J vq;fis mbikg;gLj;jp Mz;lhHfs; vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;. Mdhy; mtHfs;  te;jgpd;dHjhd;  fljhrpapy; ikapy; vOJk; tof;fk; te;jJ. mr;Rae;jpuk; gof;fj;jpy; te;jJ. ,e;jf; fUtpfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;why; ,d;W xU Xiyr; Rtb$l kpQ;rpapUe;jpUf;Fkh vd;gJ Iag;ghL. 

jkpoHfSf;F Ehy;fisj; Njbg;gpbj;Jg; Nghw;wpg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w czHT FiwthfNt ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. ,g;NghJ $l vz;zpg; gj;Jg; Gj;jfq;fs; (ghlg; Gj;jfq;fs; ePq;fhyhf!) cs;s jkpo; tPl;ilg; ghHg;gJ fbdk;. mjpYk; tPl;by; xU Ehyfk; vd;W itj;jpUg;NghH njhifia tpuy;tpl;L vz;zptplyhk;. cLg;Gf;Fk; eiff;Fk; nrytopf;Fk; njhifapy; Ehwpy; xU  gq;FjhDk; Ehy;fSf;F ehk; nrytopg;gjpy;iy.  

fle;j Nk jpq;fs; 4k; ehs; ty;it ,aw;wkpo; NghjfhrpupaH R.tapj;jpaypq;fgps;is mtHfspd; Ehw;whz;L tpoh kpfr; rpwg;ghf fdlh fe;jRthkp Mya jpUkz muq;fpy; ele;NjwpaJ. 

,e;j tpohtpd;NghJ ,uz;L Ehy;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ld. xd;W ""tahtpshd; RNjrehl;ba kNdrH nk];. f. NtYg;gps;is vd;gtuhwpaw;wg;gl;L  jkJ [arwP rhujh gPNle;jpu rhiyapy; 1918y; Kj;jpufuzQ; nra;tpf;fg;gl;l aho;g;ghz itgt nfsKjp""(Ehypy; nrhy;yg;gl;bUg;gij mg;gbNa nfhLj;Js;Nsd;). 

 kw;wJ ty;it ,aw;wkpo;g; NghjfhrpupaH r.tapj;jpaypq;fgps;is  mtHfs; nra;j fe;juyq;fhu ciu. fe;juyq;fhuk; fUizf;NfhH mUzfpupehjuhy; ghlg;ngw;wJ vd;gJ njupe;jNj. 

aho;g;ghz itgt nfsKjp 1918k; Mz;L gjpf;fg;gl;l gpd;dH  mjid ahUk; kPs;gjpT nra;atpy;iy. mg;gb xU Ehy; ,Ug;gNj gyUf;Fj; njupahky; ,Ue;jJ. fhynts;sj;jpy; mope;Jnfhz;bUe;j  me;j   Ehypd; xU  gioa gb vg;gbNah nghd;. rptFkhud; ifapy; fpilf;f> mjid  ty;ntl;bj;Jiw Mtzf; fhg;gf epWtdH ty;it. e. eFyrpfhkzp mtHfSf;Ff; nfhLj;Jjt me;j Ehiy mtH kWgjpg;Gr; nra;J ntspapl;Ls;shH.  

""Ehiy kWgjpg;Gr; nra;J ntspapl;Ls;shH"" vd;W ehd; Rygkhf nrhy;yp tpl;lhYk; mjw;fhf eFyrpfhkzp ,uT gfy; vd;W ghuhJ  kpfTk; ghLgl;L> fUkNk fz;zhapUe;J mjid ntspapl;Ls;shH vd;gNj  cz;ikahFk;.  %y Ehiy ehd; ghHj;jNghJ gf;fq;fs; rpije;J ifNahL te;Jnfhz;bUe;jd. ,ij vg;gb kdpjH kPs; gjpg;Gr; nra;ag;NghfpwhH vd;W vdf;Fs;Ns epidj;jJz;L. 

,g;NghJ ""fz;ldf; fPwf; fy;ybahd;"" vd;Wk; ""MR ftp fy;yb NtYg;gps;is""(1860-1944) vd;Wk; Nghw;wg;gl;l EhyhrpupaH vOjpa ""aho;g'ghz itgt nfsKjp""ia mofhf kWgjpg;Gr; nra;J ntspapl;ljd; %yk; jpU.eFyrpfhkzp jkpo; nkhopf;F ey;y njhz;bidr; nra;Js;shH.  

tpoh Nkilapy; Ngrpa mj;jid NgUk; mtuJ gzpia thdshtg; Gfo;e;J NgrpdhHfs;. me;jg; Nghw;WjYf;Fk; ghuhl;LjYf;Fk; mtH Kw;wpYk;  jFjpAilatH vd;gjpy; ahUf;Fk; khw;Wf; fUj;J ,Uf;f KbahJ.  

fy;yb Ntyd; nfhLj;J itj;jtH. Ke;Ehw;W Kg;gj;J ,uz;L gf;fq;fs; nfhz;l jdJ Ehypy; ty;ntl;bj;Jiwgw;wpAk;> mq;F FbapUe;j kf;fisg; gw;wpAk;  Mq;fhq;F  (gf;fq;fs; 66>67> 177>178>179) Fwpg;gpl;L itj;j fhuzj;jhNyNa "aho;g;ghz itgt nfsKjp"" kW gpwg;G vLj;Js;sjJ. ,y;yhtpl;lhy; ,e;j tuyhw;W Ehy; ,aw;if va;jpapUf;Fk;! Ehyhrpupaupd; re;jjpapdUf;Nf ,g;gb xU  Ehy; ,Uf;Fk; rq;fjp ,g;NghJjhd; njupate;Js;sJ!   

aho;g;ghz itgt nfsKjp Nghyy;yhJ fe;juyq;fhy %yKk;; ciuAk; %d;whtJ gjpg;ghf ntspte;Js;sJ. Kjy; gjpg;gpd; fhyk; njupatpy;iy. ,uz;lhk; gjpg;G 1912k; Mz;L ntspte;jJ. vdNt %d;whtJ gjpg;G 89 Mz;Lfs; fopj;J ntspte;Js;sJ.   

ty;itapy; ,aw;wkpo;g; NghjfhrpupaH gpwe;j fhuzj;jhNyh vd;dNth  mtiug;gw;wpa epidTfs; mt;tg;NghJ kPl;fg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. ey;YhH ehtyiug;gw;wp mwpe;jtHfSf;F ty;it  tapj;jpaypq;fgps;is epidTk; $lNt tUk;.  ,jw;F ,uz;L fhuzq;fs; cz;L. 

xd;W MWKfehtUk; tapj;jpaypq;fgps;isAk; rk fhyj;jtHfs;. ,uz;L ,tHfs; ,UtUk; jkpOk; irt rkaKk; gpwnkhop> rka gz;ghl;Lg; gilnaLg;Gf; fhuzkhf mope;njhope;J NghfhJ fhg;ghw;wg; ghLgl;ltHfs;.

,UtUf;Fk; ,ilapy; 'rhjp'gw;wp khWgl;l fUj;J ,Ue;jhYk; mJ mtHfsJ nkhop> rkag; gzpf;Fj; jilahf ,Ue;jjpy;iy.  

,Ue;Jk; ehtyH kPJ ty;itthrpfs; fLq; Nfhgj;jpy; ,Ue;jhHfs;  vd;gJ vd;dNth cz;ikjhd;.  mWgJf; filrpapy; MWKf ehtyupd; ntz;fyr; rpiyia nfhOk;gpy; ,Ue;J aho;g;ghzk; nfhz;Lte;J mjid CH Cuhf  CHtykhff; nfhz;L jpupe;jNghJ ehtyuhy; ty;itf;Fs; GfKbatpy;iy!  fy;nywp gykhf ,Ue;jjhy; njhz;lkhdhw;NwhL ehtyH CHtyk; jpUk;gpr; nrd;Wtpl;lJ. me;jr; rpiy ey;YhH njw;F tPjpapy; epWtg;gl;lJ.  (njhlUk;)

 

aho;g;ghzj;ijg; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lk; nfsKjp!

(2)

ef;fPud;

 (fdlh fe;jRthkp Nfhtpypy; Nk 4k; ehs; rpwg;ghf ele;Njwpa ,aw;wkpo; NghjfhrpupaH r. tapj;jpaypq;fgps;is Ehw;whz;L tpohgw;wpa jpwdha;T. ,jd; njhlf;fj;ij https://nakeeran.tripod.com/literature.htm  ,iza jsj;jpy; gbf;fyhk;)

ey;YhH ehtyupd; rkag; gzp Nghw;wg;gLtJNghy mtuJ jkpo;g; gzp Vw;wpg; Nghw;wg;gLtjpy;iy. Vuhskhd Vl;Lr; Rtbfisj; Njb vLj;J> Jhrp Jilj;Jg; gjpg;gpj;jhH.  gy Ehy;fSf;F ciu vOjpdhH.  mtuJ ez;gHfs;> khzhf;fHfs; vOjpa Ehy;fisAk; gupNrhjpj;Jg; gjpg;gpj;jhH. my;yJ gjpg;gpf;f cjtpdhH. ehtyuJ ciog;ghy; ntspte;j Ehy;fSf;F mstpy;iy. 

ed;Dhy; tpUj;jpAiu
ed;Dhy; fhz;bifAiu
ieljTiu

#lhkzp epfz;Liu
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil ciu
,yf;fzf; nfhj;J
jpUtpisahlw Guhzk;
rpt G+rhtpjp
ghy ghlk; (1.2.3.4)
Mj;jp#b ciu
nfhd;iw Nte;jd; ciu
kUJhue;jhjpAiu
Nfhapw;Guhz ciu
irt rkanewp ciu
fe;jGuhzk;

ngupaGuhzk; (ciueil)
jpUf;Fws; (gupNkyofH ciu)
jpUf;NfhitahUiu
njhy;fhg;gpak;
rTe;jupa yfup
irt vy;yg;g ehtyH
ghujk;
nfhiy kWj;jy;
ituhf;fpa jPgk;
ituhf;fpa rjfk;
jpUTe;jpahH
jhAkhdt Rthkpfs; ghly;fs; 

ehtyH rhjpiaf; nfl;bahfg; gpbj;jtH vd;W mtH  kPJ tPrg;gLk; Fw;wr;rhl;L tYtw;wJ. nghUj;jkw;wJ. ehtyiuf; Fiw $WNthH mtiu tpl;L tpl;L rpthfkq;fisf; Fiw $wNtz;Lk;. fhuzk; rpthfkq;fs;jhd; ahH ahH jpUf;Nfhapy;fSf;Fs; Nghfyhk;> ahH ahH Nghff; $lhJ vd tiuaiwe;Js;sJ. ehtyH Mfkj;jpd; kPJ mstw;w gf;jp  itj;jpUe;jhH. vdNt jPz;lhik ghuhl;bdhH.  Mfk tpjpg;gbNa irthyaq;fspy; G+ir Kjypad eilngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; gpbthjkhf ,Ue;jhH. mjw;fhfNt rpt G+rhtpjp vd;w Ehiy vOjpdhH. rpW nja;t topghl;ilf; fz;bj;jhH. fz;zfp topghl;ilf; fz;bj;J ""nrl;br;rp kfSf;Ff; Nfhtpyh"" vd;W fhl;lkhff; Nfl;lhH!  Mfk tpjpg;gb G+ir  nra;ahj mHr;rfHfisf; fbe;J nfhz;lhH. mtHfs; ifahy; jpUePW thq;fpg; G+Rtij kWj;jhH.

xd;iwg; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ehtyH xU r%f rPHjpUj;jthjp my;y. mjw;F mtUf;F Neuk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. epidg;Gk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. gpw rka> nkhop> gz;ghL ,tw;wpd;  gilnaLg;gpy; ,Ue;J jkpopdj;ijf; fhg;ghw;WtNj mtuJ xNu Nehf;fkhfTk; cldbf; Fwpf;NfhshfTk; ,Ue;jJ. mjdhy; taypy; cs;s fisiag;gw;wpf; ftiyg;glhJ gurka nts;sk; cs;Ns tuhJ irtrkak; vd;w taYf;F tuk;G fl;bdhH. ,jidj; jtnwd;W nrhy;y KbahJ. fhyj;jpd; fl;lhak;.

ehtyH> jhNkhjudhH> tpGyhde;j mbfs; jq;fs; jkpo;g; gzpahy; jkpofj;jpy; <oj; jkpoHfSf;F Gfo; NrHj;jtHfs;. jkpo;ehl;Lj;  jkpoHfshy; ghuhl;lg; gl;ltHfs;. mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd;  jkpo;j;Jiwg; NguhrpupaH gjtp tpGyhde;jH mbfSf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ vq;fSf;F ngUikjUk; nrayhFk;.

ey;iyefH ehtyiug;gw;wpAk;> mtuJ je;ijahH fe;jg;G> ghl;ldhH G+jj;jk;gp KjypahH gw;wpAk; (gf;fk; 222-223) nfsKjp EhyhrpupaH tpupthf vOjpAs;shH. gpd;dH jdpNa ehtyiug;gw;wp (gf;fk; 291-292) vOjpAs;shH.  ehtyiug;gw;wp EhyhrpupaH vOjpapUg;gjd; xU gFjpia mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fUjp mg;gbNa jUfpNwd;.

 

"",f; fhyj;jpy; aho;g;ghzj;jpNy nre;jkpo;g; ghi\ tpUj;jpahf tpNr\ Ka w;rp nra;jtH MWKfehtyuhk;. aho;g;ghzk; ey;YhupNy> fhHfhj;j NtshsH kugpNy> ghz;bkotH FbapNy> murhl;rpahuplk; Muhr;rp cj;jpNahfj;jpy; mkHe;jpUe;j fe;jg;gps;is vd;gtUf;Fg; Gj;jpuuha; 1822 k; Mz;L khHfop kP 18c gpwe;j ,tH> Ie;J tarpNy tpj;jpahuk;gQ;nra;J Muk;g jkpo;f;fy;tp fw;W> NtyhAjKjypahH> NrdhjpuhaKjypahH> rutzKj;Jg;GytH vd;gtHfsplk; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fisf; frlwf;fw;Wj;> jkpo;g; ghi\apy; tpNr\ ghz;bj;jpak; mile;J> rk];fpUjj;jpYk; gapw;rpaile;J> cny];ypad;kp\d; ghlrhiyapy; (,d;iwa aho;g;ghzk; kj;jpa fy;Yhup) Mq;fpy ghi\Ak; fw;W> 20 tajpy; mg;ghlrhiyj; jiytuhd gPw;wH NgHrpty; NjrpfUf;Fj; jkpo;g;gz;bjuhfp NtjhfknkhopngaHg;gpy; mtUf;F ey;y cgNahfkhfp mtUld; $br; nrd;idGupf;Fr; nrd;W jpUk;gp> 1845k; Mz;L tiuapYk; mtUf;Fj; Jiznra;J mg;ghy; mtuJ Ntiyia tpl;L nre;jkpo;g; ghi\iag; gupghypf;fTk; irtrkaj;ij tsHf;fTk; fUj;Jl; nfhz;L Kg;gj;jpuz;L tUlq;fsha; tpNr\ Kaw;rpfs; Gupe;J 1879k; Mz;L 5 c NjftpNahfkhdhH. ,tH nre;jkpo;g; gupghydj;Jf;F cjtpaha; tz;zhHgz;izapYk;> rpjk;guj;jpYk; ,uz;L irtg;gpufhrtpj;jpahyq;fis ];jhgpj;J> mNdf khzhf;fUf;Fr; nre;jkpo;f; fy;tpiaf; fw;gpf;fNtz;ba xOq;F nra;J gy khzhf;fUf;F ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;gpj;Jk;> fe;jGuhzk; ghujk; NrJguhzk;> gpuNahftpNtfciu> jpUts;StH gupNkyofUiu> jpUf;NfhitAiu> njhy;fhg;gpak; NrdhtiuaUiu> ed;Dhw; fhz;bifAiu> tpUj;jpAiu> epfz;L #lhkzpAiu> ,yf;fzf;nfhj;J> ,yf;fztpsf;fr; #whtsp Nfhapw;GuhzTiu> ,yf;fzr; RUf;fk;> jpUtpisahlw; Guhz trdk;> jUf;frq;fpufk; Kjyhk; mWgJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Gj;jfq;fis jpUj;jp mr;rpl;Lg; gpuRupj;J ntspg;gLj;jpdH."" 

jdJ 20tJ mfitapy; ghlrhiyj; jiytuhd gPw;wH NgHrpty; NjrpfUf;F MWKf ehtyH jkpo;g;gz;bjuhfp fpwpj;Jt Ntjhfk nkhopngaHg;gpy; mtUf;F cjtpdhH vd;gijg; gbf;f kdJf;F kfpo;r;rpahf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,J njupe;j nra;jp vd;whYk; nfsKjp MrpupaH nrhy;Yk;NghJ kfpo;r;rpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.

aho;g;ghz itgt nfsKjpapd; rpwg;G vd;dntd;why; Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L Ehw;whz;L fhy tuyhw;iw vOj;J tbtj;jpy; EhyhrpupaH gjpT nra;J itj;J tUq;fhy  re;jjpapdUf;F tpl;Lg; NghdJjhd;. 

Ehypd; ciueil ngUk;ghYk; Ngr;Rj; jkpopy; ,Uf;fpwJ. tlnkhop kw;Wk; Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fs; mjpfsT fhzg;gLfpwJ.  ""eil rupj;jpuj;Jf;Nfw;w ,ytpj eilapy; vOjg;gltpy;iy"" vd;gij EhyhrpupaH mlf;fj;NjhL xg;Gf;nfhs;fpwhH.   

,Ue;Jk;  md;iwa jkpo;  ciueilia thrpf;Fk;NghJ  mjpYk; xU Rit ,Uf;fpwJ. xU fhyj;jpy; ngUtof;fpy; ,Ue;J ,g;NghJ tof;nfhope;J Nghd my;yJ Ngha;f; nfhz;bUf;Fk; nrhw;fs; Ehy; KOJk; Mq;fhq;Nf fhzg;gLfpwJ.  

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf 'rpWg;gk;' 'rpzp' 'rz;ilrs;S' 'fpykha;g; Ngha;tpl;ld' 'rl;lk;gp' 'ehl;lhz;ik' 'tkprk;' 'kuG'  'Fyk;' 'Fb'  'Xa;' 'kl;bly;' 'kiyj;jy;' 'fl;lhf;fhyp' 'rl;nld' 'rk;ge;jk;' 'kd;wy;' (jpUkzk;) 'epyk;Gyk;' 'ifkhr;R' (tpyq;F) 'gutzp' 'fhfjhypak;' (fhfk; ,Uf;fg; gdk;gok; tpOtJNghy;) 'ts;sd;ik' 'khe;jPupfk;' 'fpQ;rpj;Jk;' 'tupir' Nghd;w nrhw;fisr; nrhy;yyhk;. 

nfsKjp aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tuyhw;iw xU NfhHitahf> Mz;L thupahf jFe;j rhd;WfNshL vOjpa tuyhw;W Ehy; vd;W vjpHghHj;J mjidg; gbf;f Kide;jhy; gbg;NghH Vkhw;wk; milthHfs;. nkhj;jk; 332 gf;fq;fq;fs; (,lg;ngaHfs; gw;wp vOjg;gl;l NkYk; 131 gf;fq;fs; kPs; gjpg;gpy; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy) nfhz;l Ehy; Jz;L Jz;lhf vOjg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. EhYf;F mj;jpahaq;fs; nfhLgltpy;iy. Kjy; 158g; gf;fq;fspy;  NghHj;Jf;NfaH> xy;yhe;jH fhyj;jpy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; epytpa Ml;rpKiw> r%ff; fl;likg;G> nghUs;epiy> rkaepiy gw;wp   kpfTk; tpgukhf vLj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.  

mLj;j 102 gf;fq;fspy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ""Fyk;> gpuGj;Jtk;> fy;tp> nry;tk;> cj;jpNahfk;> ehl;lhz;ik> Fzr;rpwg;G> mbik Fbik> tz;ik> Gj;jp> NeHik"" Nghd;w rpwg;Gf;fs; tha;e;j KjypkhHfs;> GytHfs;> tzpfHfs;  Nghd;wtHfsJ tkpr tuyhW RUf;fkhfj; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,d;Dk; gyuJ juTfs; fhyk; fle;J fpilj;jhy; Ehypy; NrHf;f KbahJ Nghapw;W vd;W EhyhrpupaNu Fwpj;Js;shH. jq;fsJ Ntiuj; Njl tpUk;GNthUf;F me;jf; Fwpg;Gf;fs; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.  

gf;fk; 261 njhlq;fp KbTtiu Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rpapy; aho;g;ghzk; fy;tp tsHr;rp> ngz;fy;tp tpUj;jp> jkpo;f; fy;tp tsHr;rp> kUj;Jt trjp> gpuahz trjp> gz;lkhw;W trjp> Ntshz;ik tpUj;jp tpupj;J vOjg;gl;Ls;sd> MrpupaH guq;fpaH (NghHj;Jf;NfaH) xy;yhe;jH Ml;rpfis Mq;fpy Ml;rpNahL xg;gpl;L vOJk;NghJ Mq;fpy Ml;rpia kpfTk; rpyhfpj;J vOjpapUf;fpwhH!  

nghJthf tuyhW vd;why; murHfs;> NghHfs;> gilnaLg;Gf;fs; gw;wpa gjpthfNt ,Uf;Fk;. mijAk; gz;ila jkpoHfs; vd;d fhuzj;jhNyh xOq;fhf> njhlHr;rpahf Mz;Lthupahf vOjp itf;ftpy;iy. ,d;Dk; nrhy;yg; Nghdhy; tuyhWgw;wpa czHNt mtHfSf;F ,Uf;ftpy;iy. jkpoHfSf;F kl;Lky;y nghJthf ,e;jpaHfSf;Fk; ,e;j czHT ,Uf;ftpy;iy.  

kfh mnyf;rhd;lH (fpK 356-fpK 323) vfpg;J> ghurPfk;> Mg;fdp];jhd;> ,e;jpah kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;wNghJ jd;NdhL muz;kid tuyhw;W MrpupaH fyp];jPd;]; ( Callisthenes of Olynthus)

vd;gtiu jd;NdhL $lNt $l;br; nrd;whH. mjdhy; me;jg; gilnaLg;igg;gw;wpa tpupthd jfty;fisg; gjpT nra;J itj;jpUf;fpwhH. ,d;Dk; fpNuf;f tuyhw;W MrpupaH nkf];jPd]; (fpK 340-fpK 282) mtHfis fpNuf;f murd; KjyhtJ nrYhf;f]; (Seleucus I)  jdJ ehl;Lj; JhJtuhf kTupa murd; re;jpuFg;jdJ muz;kidf;F mDg;gp itj;jhd;. nkf];jPd]; ,e;jpahtpd; gz;ghL> fyhrhuk;> rkak; gw;wp vOjpaitNa Nkw;Fyfk; ,e;jpahitg;gw;wp mwptjw;F cjtpahf ,Ue;jJ. mJkl;Lk; my;yhJ ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw vOJtjw;Fk; cjtpAs;sJ.  

rpe;jidahsH Nrhf;fpwl;b];gw;wp vy;NyhUk; Nfs;tpg;gl;bg;ghHfs;. cyf tuyhw;wpy; kpfr; rpwe;j rpe;jidahsH. mtH Ehy; vJTk; vOjtpy;iy. Mdhy; mtuJ khzhf;fH gpsl;Nlh jdJ MrpupaH fw;gpj;jij> mtH Ngrpaij xd;Wtplhky; 15 njhFjpfspy; gjpj;Js;shH. nrhf;fpwl;B]; gf;fj;J tPl;Lf;fhudplk; xU Nfhopf; FQ;irf; fld; thq;fpaijAk; mjid kwthky; jd;idr; rpiwapy; re;jpj;j jdJ ez;gd; fpupl;Nlhtplk; nrhy;ypaJk; gjpthfpAs;sJ. 

Mdhy; ehNkh fpgp 13k; Ehw;whz;L njhlq;fp fpgp 17k; Ehw;whz;Ltiu ePbj;jpUe;j aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak;gw;wpa tuyhw;iw xOq;fh vOjp itf;ftpy;iy! vOjp itj;j  guuhrNrfuDyh ,uhrKiw vd;w ,uz;L EhiyAk; njhiyj;J tpl;Nlhk;. ,e;j Ehy; ,uz;Lk; nfsKjp Ehy; MrpupaH fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. mtH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s nkhj;jk; 63  JizEhy; gl;baypy; ,it ,uz;Lk; 3tJ 4tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sd.   

nfsKjp Ehypd; xU rpwg;G mk;rk;> mJ rhjhuz kf;fspd; r%f>  murpay;. rka> nghUshjhu epiyfisg; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,J Nghw;wg;gl Ntz;ba xd;whFk;. (tsUk;)

 

 

xy;yhe;jH fhyj;jpy; vOjg;  gbf;fj; njupe;j  ngz;fs; ,UtH kl;LNk!

ef;fPud;

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(fdlh fe;jRthkp Nfhtpypy; Nk 4k; ehs; rpwg;ghf ele;Njwpa ,aw;wkpo; NghjfhrpupaH r. tapj;jpaypq;fgps;is Ehw;whz;L tpohgw;wpa jpwdha;T. ,jd; Kd;ida gFjpia https://nakeeran.tripod.com/literature.htm  ,iza jsj;jpy; gbf;fyhk;)

nfsKjp r%f Ma;thsHfSf;F ey;yNjhH fUT+yk;. MrpupaH ,uz;L Ehw;whz;LfSf;F Kd;dH aho;g;ghzj;jpy;  tho;e;j  ""Fyk;> gpuGj;Jtk;>  fy;tp> nry;tk;> cj;jpNahfk;> ehl;lhz;ik> Fzr;rpwg;G> mbik Fbik> tz;ik> Gj;jp> NeHik"" Nghd;w rpwg;Gf;fs; tha;e;j KjypkhHfs;> GytHfs;> tzpfHfs;  Nghd;wtHfsJ tkpr tuyhw;NwhL md;iwa 'rhjp' mikg;igg;gw;wpAk; vOjpAs;shH.

rq;ffhyj; jkpoDf;F 'rhjp' ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Fyq;fSk; FbfSk; kl;LNk ,Ue;jd. rq;ffhyg; GytHfs; vy;yhf; FbfspypUe;Jk; Njhd;wpapUf;fpwhHfs;. jq;fs; ngaNuhL jq;fs; Fbg;ngaiuAk; ngUikNahL ,izj;J itj;jpUe;jhHfs;.

jkpoupd; nghw;fhyk; vd vy;NyhuhYk; Nghw;wg;gLk; rq;f fhyj;jpy; fy;tp vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghJthf ,Ue;jJ. xU Fyj;Jf;Fupajhf kl;Lk; fy;tp ,Uf;ftpy;iy. gpw;fhyj;jpy; r%fg; gbf;fl;by; kpfTk; fPNo js;sg;gl;l FatH>  Fwj;jpaH Fyj;jpy; GytHfs;> mJTk; ngz;ghw; GytHfs; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs; vd;gijg; ghHf;Fk;NghJ jkpopdk; tho;e;j tho;Tk; gpd;dH tPo;e;j tPo;r;rpAk; GupAk;.  

rq;f fhyj;Jg; GytHfs; xU fhyj;jpuy;yH> xU  Njaj;jhuy;yH> xU 'rhjpahuy;yH'> xU Fyj;jhH my;yH> xU njhopypduy;yH> xU kjj;jpduy;yH> jkpo; ehl;by; Kjypy; jhk; ,Ue;j ,lj;jpNyNa ,Ue;J mq;Fs;s ngupNahuplk; KiwNa Ehy;fisf;fw;W mg;ghy; kJiuf;F te;J>

"nghd;Dk; JfpUk; Kj;Jk; kd;dpa
khkiy gae;j fhkU kzpAk;
,ilglr; Nra MapDk; njhilGzHe;J
mUtpiy ed;fyk; mikf;Fk; fhiy
xUtopj; Njhd;wpahq;F vd;Wk; rhd;NwhH
rhd;NwhH ghyH Ma
rhyhH rhyhH MFgtNt"
(Gwk; 218)

nghd;Dk; gtsKk; Kj;Jk; kzpAk; xt;nthU ,lj;jpNy gpwf;fpwJ.  ,itfs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ,izj;J> ey;y mzp nra;ag;gLk;NghJ ,ize;J ngUk; moifj; jUk; ,ay;igf; nfhz;ld. ,ijg;Nghy mwpT rhd;NwhH   vg;NghJNk rhd;NwhH gf;fNk NrHe;J epw;gH. rhy;G mw;wtHfNsh jk;ikg; Nghd;w rhy;G mw;wtHfSld; NrHe;J epw;gH.

GytHfSk; GytHfNshL el;Gw;W mstshtp Ehy;fis Ma;e;J jhKk; ey;ypirg;GytHfshfpj; jj;jk;kplk; nrd;whHfs;.

md;iwa GytHfs; kUj;Jtk;> fzpjk;> rpw;gk;> ,ir>  $ythzpfk; Kjypa gy fiyfspy; jj;jkf;F ,ad;wstpy; ey;y gapw;rpAs;stHfhf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. nghUs; <l;lj;ijf; fUjp kl;Lk; fw;wtHfs; my;yntd;Wk; jhq;fs; tho;tjw;Fupa njhopy; ngUk;ghNyhHf;F ,Ue;jnjd;Wk; rq;fg; ghly;fspy; ,Ue;J njupatUfpwJ.

rq;fg; GytHfspy; mtHfs; nra;j njhopyhw; ngaH ngw;NwhH gyH ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. ghiyghba ngUq;fLq;Nfh> Nfhg;ngUQ; Nrhod;> Xy;iyA+H je;j G+jg;ghz;bad;> jiyahdq;fhdj;J nrUntd;w ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad;>  Mupag;gil fle;j neLQ;nropad;> ghz;bad; mwpTilek;gp> Nfhg;ngUk;ngz;L> G+jghz;bad; NjtpahH> ghupkfspH> Mjpke;jpahH> jkpourH murpaH MtH.

ciwA+H Vzpr;Nrup KlNkhrpahH> kJiuf; fzf;fhaH> kJiuf; fzf;fhaH kfd; ef;fPudhH> ngUq;Fd;WhHg; ngUq; nfsrpfdhH> fbaYhH cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhH> nfsjkdhH> fgpyH> Ntk;gj;JhHf; FkudhH KjypNahH me;jzH.

mk;gHfpohd; ehfH> ty;yq;fpshd; khwd;> muprpy;fpohH> MT+Hf;fpohH> ey;yhT+Hf;fpohH> nehr;rpepakq;fpohH MfpNahH cotHfs;. fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;J fhupf;fz;zdhH> kJiu mWitthzpfd; ,sNtl;ldhH> kJiuf; $ythzpfd; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhH KjypNahH tzpfHfs;.

gpj;jhkj;jH> ey;yr;RjdhH> fz;zfdhH> jkp;o;f;$j;jdhH> KJ$j;jdhH Nghd;wtHfs; ghzHfs;. kUj;Jtd; jhNkhjudhH> kUj;Jtd; ey;yr;RjdhH KjypNahH kUj;JtHfs;. fzpad; G+q;Fd;wd;> fzpNkjhtpahH fzpj MrpupaHfs;.
fhf;ifghbdpahH> nghd;KbahH> ntz;zpf;Faj;jpahH> xsitahH Nghd;NwhH ngz;ghw; GytHfs; MtH>

kDjHk rhj;jpuk; fy;tpia xU Fwpg;gpl;l tHzj;jhUf;F kl;Lk; cupikahf;FfpwJ. kDjHk rhj;jpuk; ngz;fis KO mbikahfNt rpj;jupf;fpwJ. ehd;fhk; juj;jhuhfr; #j;jpuiuf; Fwpg;gpLk; kDjHkk; ngz;fis #j;jpuNuhL ,izahff; fUjpj; jho;j;jpaJ.

Mupa jHkj;ijAk;> kDjHk rhj;jpuj;ijAk; xg;Gf;nfhz;l jkpoHfspilNa nghJf; fy;tp tw;GWj;jg;gltpy;iy. ngz; fy;tp tw;GWj;jg; gltpy;iy. fy;tpia mf;fhy Ntjg; gpuhkzHfSf;F kl;LNk ,d;Wk; jkpoHfs; jiyNky; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhLk; ehy;Ntjq;fSk; kDjHk rhj;jpuKk; xJf;fpapUe;jJ.

kDjHk rhj;jpuj;Jf;F NeHkhwhf jpUf;Fws; fy;tp vy;NyhUf;Fk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tw;GWj;JfpwJ. thOk; capH mj;jidf;Fk; vz;Zk; vOj;Jk; fz;nzd;g vd;W ts;StH mwpTWj;JfpwhH. fy;tp mwptpy;yhjtHfsJ Kfj;jpy; fz;fSf;Fg; gjpy; ,uz;L Gz;fs; ,Ug;gjhfg; gopf;fpwhH.

gpw;fhyj;jpy;jhd; jkpo;r; r%fk;  Mupakag;gLj;jg;gl;L rkaj;jpd; ngauhy; Xuhapuk; rhjpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;L kf;fspy; rupghjpg;NgUf;F fy;tp kWf;fg;gl;lJ. kPjpg;Ngupy; fy;tp r%fj;jpd; Nky;j;jl;L kf;fNshL epd;Wtpl;lJ. ,jdhy; r%fk; Jz;lhlg;gl;L> Neha;tha;g;gl;L Klkhf;fg;gl;lJ. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; irtKk; jkpOk; tsHj;j MWKfehtyhuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l gs;spf;$lq;fspy; caHrhjp irtHfNs NrHj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhHfs;. VidatHfSf;F fy;tpf; Nfhtpy;fspd; fjTfs; milf;fg;gl;ld.  

ngz;fSf;Ff; fy;tp Kw;whf kWf;fg;gl;lJ. gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; aho;g;ghz kf;fsJ fy;tp tsHr;rp> Fwpg;ghfg; ngz;fsJ fy;tp tsHr;rp vg;gbg;gl;l epiyapy; ,Ue;jnjd;gij nfsKjp MrpupaH vLj;Jr; nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhH.

"",tHfs; (,Ughiy Nrdhjpuhrh KjypahH> cLg;gpl;b mUsk;gy KjypahH Nghd;NwhH...) Kaw;rpapdhy; rptH jkpo; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fisf;fw;W ty;y Gytuha; tpsq;fpdhYk;> rhjhuz jkpo;f;fy;tp Njrj;jpy; kpff; FiwthfNt ,Ue;jJ. ,k; kp\dhupkhH Kaw;rpapdhy;jhd; ,j; Njrj;jpy; mNdfH fy;tp fw;Fk; ngUQ; ryhf;fpak; ngw;wdH.  ,k;kp\dhupkhH  aho;g;ghzk; te;jnghOJ fy;tpapy; ehl;lkpy;yhjtHfSf;Ff; fUk;G jpd;df; $yp nfhLj;jthW> ,isQUf;F thiog;gok; Kjypa cgfhuq;fisf; fhl;b> rpWtiuf;$l;b> fy;tpfw;Fk; Miria %l;b> fy;tpawpitA+l;b> RtpNr\ mwpitg; Gfl;b ehl;bdH.

kp\dhupkhH te;jfhyj;jpy; gbj;j MltH>  Mq;fhq;F fhzg;gl;lhYk;> gbj;j ];jpupfisf; fhz;gJ mupjhk;. Mjp mnkupf;f kp\dhupkhH aho;g;ghzk; te;jnghOJ  (1816) aho;g;ghzehl;Lf; Nfhtpy;fspy; ghb eldk; nra;Ak; ehl;bag; ngz;fistpl ,uz;L RNjrg; ngz;fSf;F khj;jpuk; thrpf;f vOjj; njupAnkd;W mk; kp\dhupkhUs; xUtH vOjpapUf;fpd;wdH. mf; fhyj;jpy; ngz;gps;isfs; gbj;jy; kugd;Wvd vz;zg;gl;lJ."" (gf;fk; 276-277)

rq;fk; itj;Jj; jkpo; tsHj;j ,dk;> ,kaj;jpy; Gypf;nfhb nghwpj;j ,dk;> ""rpq;fsk; Gl;gfk; rhtf-khfpa jPT gytpDQ; nrd;Nwwp-mq;F jq;fs; Gypf;nfhb kPd;nfhbAk;-epd;W rhy;Gwf; fz;l ,dk;"">  Mz; GytHfNshL Nghl;b Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L ghly;fs; ,aw;wpa ngz; GytHfs; tho;e;j ,dj;jpy; iftpuy; tpl;L vz;zf;$ba ngz;fSf;Nf vOjg; gbf;fj; njupe;jpUe;jJ vd;gJ jkpod; ,ilapy; tPo;e;Jgl;Lj; jho;e;JNghd  fijia vLj;Jr; nrhy;fpwJ!

rq;f fhyj;jpd; gpd;dH jkpofj;ij Mz;l Nte;jHfspy; xUtNdDk; jkpo;g; gs;spf; $lq;fisf; fl;Ltpj;J jkpo;f; fy;tpiag; gug;gpdhH ,y;iy. Ntjg; gs;spf; $lq;fs; fl;b Ntjk; gbg;gpf;fNt mur fUT+yj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpdhHfs;.

Ehw;Wf;fzf;fhd Nfhtpy;fisf; fl;b> Ntjg; gpuhkzHfis tq;fk;> f\;kPH> fhrp Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J tUtpj;J FlKOf;Fr; nra;j Kk;Kbr; Nrhod; Kjyhk; ,uhruhr NrhoDf;Fk; (fpgp 985-1014) <ok; nfhz;lhd;> flhuq; nfhz;lhd; fq;if nfhz;lhd; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLk; Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpu NrhoDf;Fk; (fp.gp 1012-1044) jkpo;ehl;by; xU jkpo;g; gs;spf;$lk; fl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;w epidg;Ng ,y;yhJ Nghapw;W.

Nkw;F ehl;L kp\dupkhH aho;g;ghzk; te;jpuhtpl;lhy; ehq;fs; ,d;dKk; jw;Fwpfshf ,Ue;jpUg;Nghk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy!

""mnkupf;f kp\dhupkhH aho;g;ghzk; te;J kp\dhupA+opaj;ijahuk;gpj;J ,UgJ tUlq;fspd; gpd; aho;g;ghzj;jpNy mnkupf;f kp\d;fPo; 155 ghlrhiyfs; eilngw;wd. mtw;wpy; 6000 Mz;gps;isfSk; 1000 ngz;gps;isfSk; gbj;jdH. (gf;fk; 277)

tuyhw;iw cs;sJ cs;sthW gjpT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. epiwfis kl;Lk; gjpT nra;tJ tuyhW my;y. Fiwfs; fiwfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; gjpT nra;tNj tuyhW. ,e;j msT NfhYf;F ,zq;f nfsKjp Ehiy Mrpupay; MR ftp fy;yb NtYg;gps;is (1890-1944)  vOjpapUg;gJ ghuhl;lj;jf;fJ.

aho;g;ghz itgkhiyapy; fhzg;gl;l tuyhw;iwAk; xy;yhe;jH Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; (1658-1796) njhk]; td;wP vDk; xy;yhe;j nfhk;khz;NlhH 1697 y; vOjp itj;j tpupthd rhjp tuyhw;iwAk; mt;ttw;wpd; Copaj;ijAk;  jpul;b (gf;fk; 107-112) nfsKjp MrpupaH  vOjpapUf;fpwhH. mg;NghJ nkhj;jk;  40 rhjpfs; ,Ue;jjhfj; njupfpwJ. mitgw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtJ ""mf;fhyj;jpUe;j rhjpg;gpupTfisAk; Copakhjpatw;iwAk; ,q;F vLj;NjhjpaJ jkpo;r; rhjpfspd; caHT jho;Tfisf; fhl;Lk; nghUl;ld;W"" vd;W (gf;fk; 112) MrpupaH Fwpg;gpLtJ nkr;rj;jf;fJ. ehy;tHzk; ehyhapuk; rhjpahf tsHe;jij tuyhw;Wf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; jd;$w;whf ,y;yhky; gpwH $w;whf vLj;Jiuf;fpwhH. (tsUk;) (ek;ehL - Nk23> 2002)

 

 

ty;ntl;bj;Jiw jpUNkdpahH tk;rk;

ef;fPud;

(4)

(fdlh fe;jRthkp Nfhtpypy; Nk 4k; ehs; rpwg;ghf ele;Njwpa ,aw;wkpo; NghjfhrpupaH r. tapj;jpaypq;fgps;is Ehw;whz;L tpohgw;wpa jpwdha;T. ,jd; Kd;ida gFjpfis https://nakeeran.tripod.com/thanga/general.htm  ,iza jsj;jpy; gbf;fyhk;)

rhjpg;gpupTfs; njhopy; fhuzkhfNt cw;gj;jpahfpd. vj;jid njhopy;fs; ,Ue;jdNth mj;jid gpupTfs; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd.  

nfsKjpapy; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;s ehw;gJ rhjpfspy; NrhdfH my;yJ  KfkjpaH xU gpupthFk;! aho;g;ghz itgt khiy rpq;fstiuAk; xU rhjpahfg; gl;bay; ,LfpwJ.  

nra;Ak; njhopNy gpd;dH xU gpupthf Njhd;wpaJ. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf rhaf;fhuH vd;w ngaH rPiyf;F rhak; NghLgtHfSf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ NghyNt klg;gs;sp> vz;nza;f;fhuH> nerTf;fhuH> ngl;bnra;NthH Nghd;w gpupTfs; njhopy; mbg;gilapy; gpwe;j ngaHfshFk;. 

khe;ijg;gh vd;w Ehy; iftpidQH ItifapdH vd;W nrhy;fpwJ. nfhy;yH> jr;rH> fd;dhH> rpw;gp> jl;lhH ,tHfNs me;j ItifapdH. ,tHfs; ehftk;rj;jpd; xU gpuptpduhd XtpaHFyj;jtHfs; vd KjypahH ,uhrehafk; 'njhd;ik aho;g;ghzk;' vd;w Ehypy;  (gf;fk; 15)Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. mtHfspd; jiytd; tp];tfHkh vd;Dk; Njtjr;rd; Mthd;. Guhzq;fs; ,tid gpukhtpd; gps;is vd tHzpf;fpd;wd.  njhopw;gpupT gpd;dH r%fg; gpupthf cUthfpajw;F ,J ey;y vLj;Jf; fhl;lhFk;.  

rq;f fhyj;J Fyg;gpupTfs; Itif epyj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> mq;F cw;gj;jpahFk; cztpd; mbg;gilapy;(ghiy ePq;fyhf)mike;jpUe;jd.  

    kUjk; - cotH>
    Ky;iy-
MaH>
    FwpQ;rp-
Ntl;LtH>
    nea;jy;-
EisaH.
    ghiy -
vapdH> kwtH> fs;sH  

,e;jf; Fyg; gpupTfs; NkYk; gy gpupTfshf tpupe;jd.  kd;dH khspifapy; mfk;gbj; njhz;L (,y;yg;gzp) nra;jtHfs; mfk;gbaH vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldH.  ,ilaH ML khL Nka;g;gtHfs;. FrtH kl;fyk; tidgtHfs;. iff;Nfhsd; (jkpo;ehl;by; tlghfk; nrq;Fe;jd;) ifapy; Nfhy; (nerTf; Foy;) nfhz;ltd;. nrl;b tzpfHfs;. murHfs; fhyj;jpy; tzpfUf;F vl;b vd;w gl;lk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. mJNt gpd;dhspy; nrl;b  vd  kUtpaJ. gpd;dH ehl;Lf;Nfhl;ilr; nrl;b> efuj;Jr; nrl;b> fhRf;fhur; nrl;b vd NkYk; ngUfpd. 

Fyg;ngaHfs; gpd;dH gl;lg; ngaHfs; (KjypahH> gps;is) Mfpd. xU fhyj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhopiyr; nra;jtHfs;  gpw;fhyj;jpy; njhopiy khw;wpf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. Fwpg;ghf fs;sH Kd;dH NghHj;njhopypy; (kwtH) <Lgl;lhHfs;. muRfs; kiwe;j gpd;dH mtHfs; gapHj;njhopypy; <Lgl;lhHfs;. mJ NghyNt ghzH rq;f fhyj;jpy; kpFe;j nry;thf;NfhL tpsq;fpdhHfs;. ,d;W mtHfs; kiwe;Nj NghdhHfs;. 

njhy;fhg;gpak; Fy mbg;gilapy; ehy;tiff; Fyj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mitahtd me;jzH> murH> itrpfH> NtshsH. ,J Mupa ehy;tHzg; ghFghL njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;Jf;Fs; nks;sg; GFe;Jtpl;lijf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,e;j ehy;tFg;gpYk; me;jzHf;F Ehy;> fkz;lyk;> Kf;Nfhy;> ,Uf;ifg; gyif nrhe;jk;. murHf;F gil> nfhb> Kb> ntz;nfhw;wf; Fil> nrq;Nfhy;>   KuR> Fjpiu> ahid> NjH. khiy> murHf;F cupad. me;jzHf;F cupad murUf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. Mdhy; murHf;Fg; nghUe;Jtd me;jzHf;Fg; nghUe;jhJ. itrpad; thzpfk; nra;J tho;thd;. NtshsUf;F cOJz;gNj rpwe;j njhopyhFk;. ,e;j  ehd;F tFg;ghUs;Sk; ehd;fhtJ tFg;ghH Vida %tHf;Fk; njhz;L nra;J thoNtz;Lk;.  

njhy;fhg;gpa kugpaypy; fhzg;gLk; Nkw;$wpa #j;jpuq;fs; ,ilr; nrUf;fy; vd ek;gg;gLfpwJ. kugpaypy; #j;jpuq;fs; 1-69 ,sikg; ngaHfs;> Mz;ghy; ngz; ghy;>  capHg;ghFghL gw;wpg; NgRfpd;wd. gpd;dH #j;jpuq;fs; 70-84  ,e;j ehy;tiff; Fyj;ijg;gw;wpg; NgRfpd;wd. gpd;dH kPz;Lk; 85 XuwpTapupy; NtWghLgw;wpg; Ngrj; njhlq;fp 110y;  KbfpwJ. ,t;thW njhlHG ,ilapy; mWe;J gpd; njhlHtJ  #j;jpuq;fs; 70-84 ,ilr;nrUf;fyhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;w tYthd vz;zj;ijj; jUfpwJ. NkYk; itrpaH vd;w tlnkhopr; nrhy; njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;jpy; tof;fpy; ,Ue;jpUf;f KbahJ vd;gJk; ,e;j ,ilr;nrUf;fy; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F muz; NrHf;fpwJ. 

GwehDhw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; xU ghly; (335) xU rpw;Whupy; epyTk; Jbad;Fb> ghzd;Fb> giwad;Fb> flk;gd;Fb my;yhJ NtW rpwe;j Fbfs; ,y;iy vd;fpwJ. ,e;jg; ghliyg; ghba GytH ngaH khq;Fb fpohH. ghlypd; njhlf;fk; rpije;J tpl;lJ. ,Nj ghlypy; ,d;ndhU Gul;rpfukhd nra;jpAk; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. flTs; topghl;by; giftH Kd;Nd mQ;rhJ epd;W tpOg;Gz;gl;L ,we;jtHfsJ Gfio vOjp el;l fy;iyf; flTshff; fUjp topgLtJ my;yhJ ney;iyr; nrhupe;J topgLk; flTs; NtW ,y;iy vd;fpwhH.  

 vJ vt;thwhapUg;gpDk; goq;fhyj; jkpoHfs;  gpwg;gpy; Ntw;Wik fhl;lhtpl;lhYk; nra;njhopypy; Ntw;Wik fhl;baJ njupfpwJ. ts;StH$l gpwg;G vy;yh capHf;Fk; xU jd;ikahdJ. Mdhy; mtw;wpilNa ngUik rpWik vd;w  rpwg;gpay;Gfs;  xj;jpuhJ. Vnddpy; mit mtutH nra;Ak; ey;yd jPnadthfpa njhopy;fsJ NtWghl;lhy; (ngUik rpWik) xj;jpUf;fhthk; vd;fpwhH.   

Nkw;F ehl;ltHNghy; njhopy; kfj;Jtj;Jtj;ij (Dignity of Labour) jkpoHfs; Ngztpy;iy vd;gJ ngupa FiwNa.  Nkw;F ehl;ltHfs; jq;fs; njhopw;ngaiu ,g;NghJk; ngUikNahL jq;fs; FLk;gg; ngauhf itj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. Baker,  Smith, Farmer, Gardener, Taylor, Butcher, Stoneman, Constable, Cook, Stone, Wood, Bishop, Butler, Carpenter, Duke, Merchant, Goldsmith, Painter, Pope, Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.  

nfsKjp MrpupaH guq;fpaH> xy;yhe;jH fhyj;jpy; ney;> muprp Kjypatiffspy; thzpfk; nra;tJNghy mbik tpahghuk; nra;jjhff; (gf;fk; 142) Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. Nfhbf;fiuapy; ney; xWj;J mbikfs; kype;J ,Ue;jduhk;. ""xU gpb muprpf;F xU mbik"" thq;ff; $bajhf ,Ue;jjhk;! guq;fpaH> xy;yhe;jH fhyj;Jf;F Kd;ida aho;g;ghz kd;dHfs; fhyj;jpy; jkpo; ehl;by; ,Ue;J Fbj;jiytHfs; MsbikfNshL te;J aho;g;ghzj;jpy; FbNawp ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.  

""mf;fhyk; ekJ nry;tehl;by; tpsq;fpa fy;tpkhd;fs;  gpuGf;fs; MfpNahupd;"" tuyhw;wpy; Njrpaj; jiytuJ FLk;gKk; mlq;FfpwJ. nfsKjp MrpupaH vOjpapUg;gij RUf;fpf;  fPNo jUfpNwd;.

       ""Iak;ngUkhs; NtyhAjH- ,tH ty;ntl;bj;JiwapYs;stH. ,tHf;Fg; Gj;jpuH 1. tHj;jfuhf ,Ue;j Qhd%Hj;jpahH. 2 gFjpg;guhgj;jpa kzpakhapUe;j Gz;zpa %Hj;jpahH. 3. MWKfj;jhH. 4. fkj;njhopy; tHj;jfkhjpatw;wpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa jpUNkdpahH. ,tHfspd; jhahUld; $bg;gpwe;j nghd;dk;gyk; vd;gtH xy;yhe;jurpdH fhyj;jpy; Kjypg; gl;lk; ngw;wpUe;jJk;> ,yq;if ,e;jpah Mjpahkplq;fspYs;s gyuhYk; ed;fwpag;gl;l tHj;jfuhfTkpUe;jdH.   

 

jpUNkdpahupd; Gj;jpuH: 1. Ntq;flhryk; vd;Dk; ehkj;jhy; mwpag;gl;l ngupajk;gpahH. ,tNu je;ijapd; vz;zg;gb Nkw;gbA+upy; jw;fhyk; tpsq;Fk; rpthyhaj;ij 1867k; Mz;L Muk;gpj;J 1883k; Mz;L itfhrp khjk; gpujpl;il mgpN\fk; nra;tpj;jtH. ,tH mt;T+upy; fPyile;jpUe;j itFe;jgps;siahH Gl;lzpg;gps;isahH vd;DkpU Miyaq;fspd; jpUg;gizpfis epiwNtw;wpatH. Ky;iyj;jPtpy; flw;fiuNahuj;jpy; tpsq;Fk; ngupaklhyaKk;> xt;nthUtupdJk; tUzhr;rpukq;fSf;Nfw;g mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; tPLfs; $lq;fSk; ,tH ngaupy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ldNt.""

 

(jpUNkdpahH Ntq;flhryk; mtHfspd; kfNd jpUNtq;flk;. jpUNtq;flk; mtHfspd; kfd;  NtYg;gps;is MthH. mtH jpUkzk; nra;jJ gUj;jpj;Jiwapy; nkj;ij tPl;L ehfypq;fk; topj;Njhd;wpa ghHtjp MthH. mtHfSf;Fg; gpwe;j filrpf; gps;isNa Njrpaj; jiytH NtYg;gps;is gpughfud; MthH. mtUf;F ,uz;L mf;fhkhUk; xU mz;zDk; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.

 

,tHfspy; jpUkjp tpNdhjpdp ,uhNre;jpuk; mtHfNs ,aw;wkpo; NghjfhrpupaH r. tapj;jpaypq;fk; mtHfspd; Ehw;whz;L tpohtpy; rpwg;Gg; gbfis Nkilapy; itj;Jg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ltH. )

 

mf;fhyj;jpy; fy;tp> nry;tk; ,uz;bYk; Gfo; ngw;W  tho;e;j NkYk; gy FLk;gq;fsJ "tpHj;jhj;jq;fis" nfsKjp MrpupaH jd;$w;whfTk; gpwH$w;whfTk; gjpT nra;Js;shH. mtw;Ws; rpy gpd;tUkhW.

 

(1) kapy;;thfdg; GytH. ,tNu aho;g;ghz itgtkhiyia ,aw;wpa GytuhtH. nkf;nfWhc vd;w xy;yhe;J mjpfhup Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ljw;F ,zq;f aho;g;ghz itgtkhiyia kapy;thfdg; GytH ,aw;wpdhH vd Ehypd; rpwg;Gg; ghapuk; etpy;fpwJ.

 

(2) fNziraH. nfhr;rpf; fNziraH vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,tH xy;yhe;jH fhyj;jpy; aho;g;ghzk; te;J tz;zhHgz;izapy; tho;e;jtH. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J te;j jkpo;g; GytHfis Mjupj;jNjhL jkpior; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jtH. gy gpuge;jq;fs; ,aw;wp ,Uf;fpwhH.

 

(3) $oq;ifj;jk;gpuhd;. fhQ;rpapy; ,Ue;J te;J FbNawpatH. jkpo; tpj;Jthd;. gtze;jp KdptH ,aw;wpa ed;DhYf;F ciu vOjpatH. NahNrg;G Guhzk; vd;w Ehiy 21 fhz;lq;fspy; 1>023 tpUj;jw;ghl;by; ,aw;wpatH.

 

(4) ,uFehj khg;ghz KjypahH. aho;g;ghzk; ey;YhH Nfhtpiyg; Gjpg;gpj;Jf; fl;batH. (mtuJ guk;giuapdNu ,d;Wk; ,f; Nfhtpypd; mwq;fhtyHfshf ,Ue;J tUfpwhHfs;.)

 

(5) rpd;dj;jk;gpg; GytH. ,tH Njrtoikr;  rl;lj;ij rupghHj;J gjpg;gpf;f epakpf;fg;gl;l tpy;ytuhaH vd;gtuJ kfdhthH.  tpy;tuhaH KjypahH tPL vq;Nf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W njUtpy; tpisahbf; nfhz;bUe;j Gytuplk;  Nfl;lNghJ ""nghd;G+r;nrhupAk; nghype;jnrOe; jhjpiwf;Fk;....."" vd;w ghly; %yk; gjpypWj;jtH.

     

(6) G+jehj Muhr;rpahH. xy;yhe;jUf;F vjpuhfg; Nghuhba kupianrk;ghj;ij vd;Dk; td;dpr;rpia rhkTghaj;ijf; ifahz;L ifJ nra;J  xy;yhe;juplk; xg;gilj;jtH. ,tuJ kfd; Nyhwd;]; rkuNrfuh vd;gtH. rkuNrfuupd; kfs; mde;jhrpg;gps;is ePf;nfhy]; re;jpuNrfuiu  kze;J Atf;fpk; re;jpuNrfuiuAk; nre;jkpo; gpurq;f rhJupa fj;Njhypf;f FUthd re;jpuNrfu Rthkpiag; ngw;whH. Kd;idatupd; Gj;jpud; ,yq;if ,uhrjhdpapy; Gfo;gilj;jpyq;Fk; mj;tf;fhj; vr;.V.gp. re;jpuNrfuh.  (tsUk;) 

 

 

 

 

guq;fpaH rq;fpypia gl;Lnkj;ijapy; itj;J rpuq; nfha;jdH

ef;fPud;

(5)

(fdlh fe;jRthkp Nfhtpypy; Nk 4k; ehs; rpwg;ghf ele;Njwpa ,aw;wkpo; NghjfhrpupaH r. tapj;jpaypq;fgps;is Ehw;whz;L tpohgw;wpa jpwdha;T. ,jd; Kd;ida gFjpfis https://nakeeran.tripod.com/home/htm ,iza jsj;jpy; gbf;fyhk;) 

aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;ij NghHj;Jf;NfaH 38 Mz;Lfs; (fpgp 1620-1658)  Ml;rp nra;J ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. NghHj;Jf;NfaH Ml;rpiag; gpbj;j gpd;dUk; aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak; vd;w ngaH njhlHe;J ,Ue;J te;jJ.  

xy;yhe;jH 138  Mz;LfSk; (fpgp 1658-1796). Mq;fpNyaH 153 Mz;LfSk; (fpgp 1796-1948) aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;ij Ml;rp nra;jhHfs;.

 ,jpy; 138 Mz;Lfs; aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;ij  Ml;rp nra;j xy;yhe;jH nkhopAk; mtHfsJ gof;f tof;fq;fSk; kiwe;JNghf 37 Mz;Lfs; kl;Lk; Ml;rp nra;j guq;fpaH (NghHj;Jf;NfaH) nkhop> gof;f tof;fq;fSNk epiyj;J tpl;lJ.

 nfsKjp MrpupaH Muparf;futHj;jpfs;> guq;fpaH> xy;yhe;jH fhyj;J ''tuyhw;iw'' Ehy;; KOJk; Mq;fhq;Nf gjpT nra;J itj;jpUf;fpwhH. mjpy; rpy iky;fw;fis kl;Lk;  EhyhrpupaH ciueilapy; fPNo jug;gLfpwJ.

     aho;g;ghzj;Jf;F toq;fpa gok; ngaHfs;: Gz;zpaGuk;> fhe;jUtefuk;> tPzhfhdGuk;> vUikKy;iyj;jPT> ehfj;jPT> kzw;wplH.

gOJw;wpUe;j jpUf;NfhNzrH Myaj;ij ahj;jpiuf;F te;j Fsf;Nfhl;lurd; GJg;gpj;J jpUg;gzp nra;jhd;.

td;dpaH Mz;l gFjp td;dpehL vdg; gl;lJ. ,t;td;dpehL Kw;fhyj;jpy; kpfr; nropg;Gw;w ney;tay;fisAilajha; ePHtsk; nghUe;jpajha;r; nre;ney; tpise;jpl mjpf IRtupaj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. mjdhy; td;dpaH kpfr; nrUf;Fw;W tho;e;jdH.

aho;g;ghzH vd;gtHfs; %tifg; ghzUs; xUtH. ,g;ghzH jkpofj;Jg; goq;FbfSs; itj;J vz;zg;gLNthH vd;gij ''Jbad; ghzd; giwad; flk;gd; vd;wpe;ehd;fy;yJ FbAkpy;iy'' vd;Dk; Gwr;nra;Ashw; (325) fhzyhk;.  ghzUila nghJj; njhopy; kPd;gpbj;jy;. ,g;ghzHfs; FbapUe;jtplk; aho;g;ghzk; vdg;gl;lnjd;gNj nghUe;Jk; NghYk;.

nghd;gw;wpA+H Ntshsd;  ghz;bkstNd  rpq;ifahupad; vd;Dk; #upaFyj; Njhd;wiyAk;> ke;jpup GtNdfthF> uh[FU nfq;fhju IaiuAk;> murdJ gupthuj;ijAk;  mioj;J te;J ey;Yhiuj; jiyefuhf;fp murpUf;ifia ];jhgpj;jhd;.

nratPurpq;if Mupar;rf;futHj;jp Mwhk; GtNdfthFTld;  Aj;jk;gz;zp mtd; Nridia mlf;fp ntw;wpaile;J fpgp 1458,y; ,yq;if KOtijAk; xU Filf;fPo; gd;dpuz;L tU\fhykha; muR Gupe;jhd;.

aho;g;ghzehL KOJk; md;dpaHifg;gl;lfhyk; 1620k; Mz;NlahapDk; mjw;F xU Ehwhz;Lf;F  Kd;dNu gwq;fpaH ek;ehl;bd; muRepiyNahL rk;ge;jg;glj; njhlq;fp tpl;ldH. fpgp 1560k; Mz;L guq;fpaH aho;g;ghzj;ijf; ifg;gw;w nfhr;rpapy; ,Ue;J 99 fg;gy;fNshL kd;dhH te;J NrHe;jdH. gpd;dH G+efup topahf nfhOk;Gj;Jiw te;J ey;YhH kPJ gilnaLj;jdH. td;dpf;Fg; gpd;thq;fpa rq;fpyp guq;fpaUld; rkhjhd cld;gbf;if vOjp Mz;LNjhWk; 12 nfhk;gd; ahidfisAk;> 1200 ''gjf;f''Kk; jpiwnfhLf;fTk; fpwpj;jtHfis xLf;fhjpUf;fTk;> gl;lj;Jf;Fkhuid mtdJ KjypkhH ,UtNuhLk; gpizahfg; gwq;fpauplk; xg;Gtpf;fTk; xOq;F nra;ag;gl;lJ.

1590y; ngupagps;is  ,wf;f ''uhruhrNjrkfhuhrNrfuk;"" murdhdhd;. ,td; rq;fpypapd; kfd; NghYk;. 1591y; guq;fpaH ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf gilnaLj;J te;J  nfhOk;Gj;Jiwapy; te;jpwq;fpdH. gpd; ele;j Nghupy; murd; rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;L rpur;Nrjk; nra;ag;gl;lhd;. mtd; jiyia xU jz;lj;jpy; njhq;f itj;jdH. kidtp kf;fs; rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;ldH. 1591,y; guuhrNrfugz;lhuj;ij guq;fpaH aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; kd;ddhf guq;fpaH Kb#l;b itj;jdH.

 guuhrNrfud; ,wf;f. mtdJ %d;W taR kfd;  muRupikf;fhudhdhd;.  mtd; taR fhuzkhf mdJ khkd; (my;yJ rpwpaje;ij)  murNfrupiag; gwq;fpaH gupghyfdhf;fpdH. fhf;Nfh ,sturdpd; kfd; rq;fpypFkhud; mtidf; nfhd;W ,sturidj; jd;NdhL itj;Jf; nfhz;L gpujp fhtydha; murhz;lhd;. mtDf;F vjpuhf fyfq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd. rq;fpypFkhud; gwq;fpaUf;Fr; rpiw nfhLf;f kWf;fNt mtDf;F vjpuha; 1618k; Mz;L gpypg;ng xypNtwh jiyikapy; 150 gwq;fpaUk; 3000 ''y];fwPd;'' fSk; nfhz;l gil fiukhHf;fkha;r; nrd;W G+efupiar; NrHe;J aho;g;ghzj;jpdpd;Wk; rq;fpyp jhNd mDg;gpa (guq;fpaH jd;idf; nfhy;y tutpy;iy jpiwnfhs;s tUfpwhd; vd;W rq;fpyp vz;zpdhd;) Njhzpfspy; Vwpf; fly;fle;J gz;izjJiwapUe;j gwq;fpaupd; FbNaw;wj;ij mile;jhd;.

Nghupy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l rq;fpypAk; kidtpAk; rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;L NfhthTf;F mDg;gg;gl;ldH.  mq;F tprhupf;fg;gl;L nfhiyj; jz;lidf;F Mshdhd;. nfhiy nra;ag;gL Kd;dH mtd; fpwpj;jtdhfp nlhd; gpypg; vd;w ehkk; #l;lg;gl;lhd;. mtd; kidtpAk; Nlhdh kfwplh nj m];jpupah vd;Dk; ngaH #b Qhd];ehdk; ngw;whs;. mjd; gpd; rq;fpypia re;ij tPjpapy; ,uj;jpdf; fk;gsj;jpd; eLNt rpte;j gl;Lnkj;ijnahd;wpl;L mjd; NkNy mtid itj;J rpuq; nfha;jdH.

(aho;g;ghzj;J filrp mur Njhd;wy;fSf;F Vw;gl;l fjpia Ehypd;  70-75 gf;fq;fspy; fhz;f)  

jQ;rhT+H ehaf;fd; aho;g;ghzj;ij nrapf;f ,d;DnkhU filrpg; gpuaj;jdk; nra;thdhapdhd;. jQ;rhT+H Nrid ty;ntl;bj;Jiwapy; jiuapwq;fp XH Fsf;fiuapYs;s gde;Njhg;gpy; ghisakpl;L  ,Uf;fpwnjd mwpe;J NjNkhw;wh  ,ufrpakha; nrd;W %d;whk;rhkj;jpy; NghHg;giw miwe;J $f;Fuypl jkpoH jpfpybgl;Lf; FjpiuapNywpg; NghNthUk;> jpirjg;gp miyNthUkha; fisg;Gw gwq;fpaH gpd;njhlHe;J 1200 Ngiur; rpuq;nfha;jdH.      

1627k; Mz;L khrpkhrk; ngUk; Ganyhd;W tPr fly; nghq;fp fiug;gl;lzq;fSl; GFe;J tPLfis tPo;j;jpAk; capHr;Nrjk; tpisj;Jk; gaq;fu tpgj;Jz;lhf;fpaJ.

xypNtwh aho;g;ghzj;ij gwq;fpaUf;fhf;fpd ehs; Kjy; fj;Njhypf;fNtjk; ,q;F Kd;dpYk; mjpf tpiutha;g; guTtjhapw;W.

jq;fs; rka Nghjidapd;gb RNjrpfs;  rfyiuAk;  rkatp\aj;jstpy; jq;fNshL xU gbapy; itj;J Nehf;fpdH. RNjrpfNshL tpthfrk;ge;jk; fyf;fTk; gpd;dpl;lhupy;iy. ngupa cj;jpNahf];juhd gwq;fpaH rpyH aho;g;ghz caHFyNtshsUl; ngz;nzLj;jJz;L.  caHFy NtshsUk; gwq;fpaH ngz;fis tJit nra;J nfhz;ldH.

 guq;fpaH jhk; XH gl;lzj;ijg; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;lTld;> mjw;F XH vy;iy Fwpj;J> mt;nty;iyf;Fs; ''kfkjpaH''              ''tpf;fpufuhjidf;fhuH'' MjpNahUs; xUtUk; ,Uf;fg;glhnjd;W giwrhw;Wtpg;gH. vy;iyf;FspUf;f tpUk;GNthH          fpwP];jtHfNsahfNtz;baJ.  

xypNtwh aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ngupJk; rpwpJkhd 500 irt Myaq;fis ,bg;gpj;jhndd;wij mtDf;NfhH Gfo;r; nra;jpahf guq;fpaH vOjp itj;jpUf;fpd;wdH.    

xy;yhe;jH fhyg; goq;fijfspYk; gwq;fpaHfhyj;Jg; goq;fijfNs ,d;iwf;Fk; tPLfspy; ngz;NgijaHfs; rpWtHfshYk; nrhy;yg;glf; Nfl;fpd;Nwhk;. 

     Rz;zhfr; re;ijapNy -gwq;fpaH
         Rq;fhidg; Nghl;Ltpl;lhH
     ghHj;njLj;jtHf;Fg; - gwq;fpaH
         ghjpr;Rq;fhd; nfhLg;gH          
vd;Wk; 

     khl;biwr;rpahk; -gwq;fpf;F
         khDkpzq;fhjhk;
     Rl;lfUthlhk; -gwq;fpf;Fr;

         NrhWkpzq;fhjhk;              
vd;Wk; 

vd;dgpbf;fpwha; me;Njhdp - ehDk;
            vypg;gpbf;fpNwd;rpQ;NQhNu
       nghj;jpg;nghj;jpg;gpb me;Njhdp -mJ
            gpl;Lg;Nghl;NlhLJrpQ;NQhNu        
vd;Wk;   

tUk; koiyg;ghl;Lf;fisAk; fhz;f. fpQ;NQhH vd;wJ ''eapdhH'' vd;wJ Nghyf; fPohNdhH NkNyhiutpopf;Fk; guq;fpr; nrhy;Y. 

aho;g;ghzf; Nfhl;il 1624k; Mz;L fl;lj; njhlq;fp 1632k; Mz;L KbTw;wJ. 1658 k; Mz;L aho;g;ghzj;ijg; gpbf;f xy;yhe;jH gil kd;dhH topahf td;dpia ClWj;J G+efupiar;  NrHe;J mq;fpUe;J Njhzpfspy; rhtfr;Nrupia mile;jdH. gq;Fdp khjk; 20 e; jpfjp aho;g;ghzf; Nfhl;ilia  xy;yhe;jH Kw;Wifapl;ldH. Nfhl;ilf;Fs; NghHtPuUk; fpuf];jUkha; 3000 rdq;fs; milf;fyk; GFe;jpUe;jhHfs;.  

Xahkw; nrhupe;J nfhz;bUe;j Fz;Lkhupahy; fhak;gl;NlhUk;> kbe;NjhUk;> gl;bdpahy; thb ,we;NjhUkha; ntF mt];ijg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jdH. ,we;NjhH njhif 1100 vdf; fzf;Nfw;wg;gl;lJ. %d;wiu khj Kw;Wifapd;gpd; rdq;fs; mg;ghy; Nghrdj;Jf;F topapd;wp mk;ghag;gl;ldH. gOJgl;l muprpNa kPe;jpUe;jJ. cg;G ,y;yhkw; Ngha;tpl;lJ. gl;bdpahw; rdq;fs; eha;fisAk; G+idfisAk; gpbj;Jj; jpd;whHfs;. nfhs;is NehAk; jiyfhl;bw;W. gwq;fpaH Mdpkhrk; 21e; jpfjp njd;fpof;F myq;fj;jpNy ntz;nfhbAaHj;jpf; rkhjhdq;Nfl;ldH.  

rdq;fs; ntspNawpa gpd; xUehs;  ,uhZt cj;jpNahf];jH  Nfhl;iliaf; nfhs;isabf;f tplg;gl;lhHfs;. kWehs; NghHtPuHfs;  mq;F vLf;f tpUk;gpa nghUl;fis vLf;f tplg;gl;ldH.   (tsUk;)   

 

Kg;gj;jp%d;W mfitapy; rpe;jhkzp  epfz;L  ,aw;wpa NghjhfhrpupaH

ef;fPud;

(6)

Xy;yhe;jH aho;g;ghzj;ijg; gpbj;j gpd;dH mtHfSf;F vjpuhf G+jj;jk;gp KjypAk;> kd;dhupy; xU jiytDk;> guq;fpaH ItUk; rjp
nra;jhHfs; vd;W  kDNty; me;jpuhNlh vd;w rpq;fs Kjyp nra;j Kiwg;ghl;il mLj;J ''Fw;wthspfs; neQ;re; jpLf;fplj;jf;f
kfh nfh^ukha;f; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldH. Fw;wthspfs; rpYitfspw;fl;b neQ;irg;gpse;J <uiyg; gpLq;fp mtHfs; Kfj;jpy; vwpe;J
tplg;gl;lJ.''  G+jj;jk;gp nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lij aho;g;ghz itgkhiy khWghlhf tiue;Js;sJ vd nfsKjp MrpupaH Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. nk];. Kj;Jj;jk;gpg;gps;is mjid NkYk; fw;gdhyq;fhukha; tpupj;J vOjpdhH vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. ,e;jf; fijfs; gpd;dhy; G+jj;jk;gp ehl;Lf; $j;jhf ebf;fg;gl;L te;jd.   

tlgFjpapy; rpq;fs ,uhZtk; Kfhk;fs; mikg;gjw;F xU ,yl;rk; gidfisj; jwpj;Jg; Nghl;lhHfs;. xy;yhe;jH fhyj;jpYk; gidfs; jwpf;fg;gl;L nfhOk;G> ehfgl;bdk; Nghd;w ,lq;fSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;jdH. 1677k; Mz;Lf; fzf;Fg;gb 50>687 ifkuk; KjypaitfSk;>
26>040 ryhiffSk; Vw;wg;gl;ld. 

jiytup> epytup> jhdpatup (gj;jpnyhd;W)> njd;idtup> Gifapiytup> rPiytup> Mguztup> kPd;tup> Matup> re;ijtup> jtwiztup>
juFtup>  fy;ahztup xy;yhe;juhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld. fy;ahztupapy; ,Ue;J jg;g Viofs;  gps;isahiug; gpbj;J Njq;fha; cilj;J
fw;G+u jPgq;fhl;b neUq;fpa ge;Jf;fis khj;jpuk;  mioj;J mtHfs; Kd;ghf $iwnfhLj;J jhyp fl;b tpthfj;ij Kbj;Jf;
nfhs;thHfs;.  

jhyp fl;Lk; cupik vy;yh r%fq;fSf;Fk; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; r%f Vzpapy; mbkl;lj;jpy;  ,Ue;jtHfs; tpba Ie;J ehspif
Az;nld;Dkstpy; tpthfj;ij Kbj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.  

Mz;fnsy;yhk; ngz;fis fPohf kjpj;J elj;Jtjpdhy; ngz;fs; mUikahfNt Mz;fNshL $l xU ge;jpapypUe;J rhg;gpl tplg;gl;lhHfs;.

guq;fpaH fhyj;jpy; Gwj;Nj fpwp];jtHfshf ghrhq;F gz;zpf;nfhz;L mfj;Nj irtuhf ,Ue;j rpyH jhk; jkJ rkaj;ijg; gpurpj;jkha; mErupf;f ,le;juNtz;Lnkd xy;yhe;j nfhkhz;NlhUf;F tpz;zg;gk; nra;jdH. mJ kWf;fg;glNt me;juq;fj;jpNy jkJ rka topghLfisr; nra;a Ntz;batuhapdH. ''irtr;'' rlq;Ffisg; gapYNthH fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;lNghnjy;yhk; fLe;jz;lid tpjpf;fg;ngw;wdH. gpd;dH rw;Wr; rw;whf ,f;fl;Lg;ghLfis nefpotpl;lhHfs;.

1877k; Mz;L Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rpapy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; nfhba nfhs;is NehAk; nfhba gQ;rKk; Vw;gl;lJ.  gQ;rj;jpd;  nfhLikahy; rpyH jq;fs; mUikahd gps;isfis tpw;W cz;ldH. ,we;j xUtupd; cliy ntl;bg; ghHj;jNghJ itj;jpaH mtuJ tapw;wpy; Gy;Yf;fj;ij ,Uf;ff; fz;lhH. cztpy;yhf; nfhLikahy; Gy;iyr; rhg;gpl;L kupj;jjhf vz;zg;gLfpwJ.

tz;zhHgz;izapy; fQ;rpj; njhl;b itj;J gQ;rj;jpdhy; tUe;jpatHfSf;F ehNlhWk; fQ;rp thHj;jdH.

1879k; Mz;L itfhrp 3k; ehs; ,uT tlkuhl;rpapYs;s funtl;b ty;ydpw; gps;isahH Nfhtpypw; jP tpgj;J rk;gtpj;jJ. rhkpahH cs;tPjpAyhtpj; njUtPjpnaOe;jUStjw;fhff; NfhGuthriyr; rkPgpf;fh Kd;Nd #ytpsf;nfhd;wpypUe;Jjtf;fpdp ge;jypw;Whf;fpa thifkhiynahd;wpw;whtp> tpRt&gq;nfhs;sg; ge;jHr;Nrhbidfs; fljhrpfSk; rPiyfSkhdjhy; me;j mf;fpdpNjtDf;F vspjhf czthapUf;fNt........... ,e;j tpgj;jpy; ehw;gJf;F Nkw;gl;NlhH gpNujkhdhHfs;. ,d;Dk; Kf;fhy; Ntf;fhL miu fhy; Ntf;fhlha; mghag;gl;NlhH mNefH.  

aho;g;ghzj;jpNy tlkuhl;rpapNy ty;ntl;bj;Jiwf;Ff; fpof;Nf jpf;fk; vd;w ,lj;jpw; rPdp nra;tjw;Fg; ngupa njhopw;rhiy fl;lg;gl;lJ.

KjyhtJ cyf Aj;jj;ijj; njhlHe;J aho;g;;ghzpfs; gyH Ntiy ,oe;jdH. Aj;jj;jpdhy; fg;gy; Nghf;F tuj;Jf; Fiwe;jgbahy; muprp> ney;> Glitfs; tuj;Jf; Fiwe;JNghf muprp xU gb 30 rjj;jpw;F Nkw;glTk;> xU ahH fhupf;fd; xU &ghahfTk; (Kd;dH 25 rjk;)  xU &gha;f;F tpiyg;glTk;> xd;wiu &ghtpw;F tpw;w ky;Ntl;b 6 &ghtiuapy; tpiyg;glTk; VJthapw;W.

aho;g;ghz Mupar; rf;futHj;jpfs; fhyk; rpq;ifahupad; my;yJ $oq;ifr; rf;futHj;jp njhlf;fk; (fpgp 950) rpq;f guuhrNrfud; fhyk;tiu (fpgp 1530) 13 murHfs; 580 Mz;Lfs; Mz;ljhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ (gf;fk; 18). ,jd; mbg;gilapy; xU murdJ ruhrup Ml;rpf; fhyk; 45 Mz;Lfs; ePbj;jpUf;fpwJ. ,J nghUj;jkhfg; gltpy;iy. Mupar; rf;futHj;jpfs;  nkhj;jk; 18 NgH (nrz;gfg; ngUkhs; ePq;fyhf) fpgp 1215 njhlf;fk; fpgp 1619tiu 404 Mz;Lfs;  aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;ij Mz;lhHfs; vd;gNj ,d;iwa tuyhw;W MrpupaHfsJ KbthFk;.  

vdNt aho;g;ghz itgtkhiy> aho;g;ghzr; rupj;jpuk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; fhy kaf;fk; nfsKjpapYk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,d;iwa fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ,tHfs; tuyhw;W MrpupaHfshff; fUj Kbahky; ,Ug;gNj ,e;j fhy kaf;fj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkhFk;.

,Ue;Jk; aho;g;ghz itgtkhiyiatpl nfsKjp epiwa tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfisg; gjpT nra;Js;sJ.

jw;nrayhf md;iwa ehs; ntspaplg;gl;l kw;iwa Ehyhd fe;juyq;fhu ciuahrpupaH ,aw;wkpo;g; NghjfhrpupaH r. tapj;jpaypq;fgps;is (1843-1901) gw;wp nfsKjp MrpupaH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH (gf;fk; 222). aho;g;ghzj;J ''tpN\r kD\H'' gl;baypd; fPo; ty;it tapj;jpypq;fgps;isapd; ngaH NrHf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,aw;wkpo;g; NghjfhrpupaH r. tapj;jpaypq;fk;gps;sis gw;wp XH mwpKff; ife;Ehy; NguhrpupaH fhHj;jpNfR rptj;jk;gp mtHfshy; vOjg;gl;L 1975k; Mz;L  ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; RUf;fkhfTk;  fha;jy; ctj;jy; ,y;yhkYk; ,aw;wkpo; NghjhfhrpupaH tapj;jpaypq;fg;gps;is mtHfsJ jkpo;g; gzpAk; irtg; gzpAk; vLj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,aw;wkpo; NghjhfhrpupaH tapj;jpypq;fk;gps;is mtHfis ehtyNuhL xg;G Nehf;fp MuhAk;nghOJ> NghjhfhrpupaH ehtyH topia ,yf;fpa Ehw;gjpg;gpYk;> mr;Rae;jpurhiy> gpwkj fz;ldk;> irthrhu tho;f;if elj;Jjy; tiu gy tplaq;fspw; gpd;gw;wpAs;sJ njupatUfpwJ vdg; NguhrpupaH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ rupahd kjpg;gPlhFk;.

ehtyuplk; fhzg;gl;l r%f> nghUspaw; gd;Kf nraw;ghl;il Nghjhfhrpupauplk; fhzKbahjpUf;fpwJ mtH  ""irtj;ijAk;  jkpopioAk;"" kl;Lk; Nghw;wpa ,yf;fpa mwpQH vdr; nrhy;ypapUg;gJk; rupNa.

NghjfhrpupaH ngUk;ghYk; Guhzq;fSf;F ciu vOJtjpNyNa mjpf <LghL nfhz;bUe;jpUf;fpwhH. fe;juyq;fhuk; cl;gl ek;gpafg;nghUs; tpsf;fTiu>  fe;jGuhzk; ts;spak;ik nja;tahid jpUkzg;glyk;> #ugd;kd; tijglyk; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F ciu vOjpAs;shH. fe;jGuhzk; mz;lNfhrg; glyjJf;F fe;jNuhil tp. rptRg;gpukzpa IaH vOjpa ciuia 1885k; Mz;L jpUj;jp ntspapl;lhH. rptuhj;jpup Guhzk; > rPke;jspGuhzk;> fQ;rdkhiy Guhzk; KjypadTk; mtuhy; gjpg;gpj;J ntspaplg;gl;lit MFk;.  

njhy;fhg;gpak;> tPuNrhopak; gjpg;gpj;j rp.it. jhNkhjudhH Kaw;rpahNyNa tapj;jpaypq;fk;gps;is mtHfSf;F '',aw;wkpo;g; NghjfhrpupaH'' vd;w gl;lk; kJiuapy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

NghjhfhrpupaUf;Fg; Gfioj; Njbf; nfhLj;jJ mtH ,aw;wpa rpe;jhkzp epfz;lhFk;. ,f;fhy mfuhjpia xj;j epfz;L md;iwa ghuk;gupa fy;tpgapy;NthUf;F kpfTk; gad;gl;lJ.  ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz mwpT epuk;gpa xUtuhNyNa epfz;bid  ,aw;w KbAk;.  mjid ,aw;wpaNghJ mtUf;F Kg;gj;J %d;W mfitNa MfpapUe;jJ.

'rhjpepHza Guhzk;' mtH ,aw;wp NtnwhUtH ngaupy; ntspapl;ljhfj; njupfpwJ. Guhzk; vd;wJk; EhW> Mapuk; ghly;fs; ,Uf;Fk; vd;W vjpHghHg;gtHfs; Vkhw;wj;Jf;F cs;shthHfs;. fhuzk;  ,jpy; fhzg;gLk; ghly;fs; 17 kl;LNk. ''gz;ila Ehypw; $Wk; gd;dpUQ; rhjp Ngjj; njhz;Ls ngaHfs; ,e;ehl;L cd;Wjy; ,d;ikahNy fz;Ls rpytw;iwj;jhq; fUj;jpdpy; czHe;J  ciuj;jhH kz;byk; midj;Jk; ahNu tFj;jpl ty;yhud;Nw"" vd;w ghlYld; Guhzk; Kw;Wg;ngWfpwJ!

,aw;wkpo;g; NghjfhrpupaH tapj;jpypq;fgps;is  ,aw;wpa fe;juyq;fhu ciuf;F mtuJ MrpupaH m.rptrk;Gg;GytH ePz;l ciur;rpwg;Gg;ghapuk; ghbAs;shH. ,/J khztd; kPJ MrpupaH itj;jpUe;j kjpg;ig vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

fUizf;F xU mUzfpupahH ghba fe;juyq;fhu %yKk; ty;it ,aw;wkpo;g; NghjhfhrpupaH ,aw;wpa ciuAk; Kjd; Kjy; gjpj;J ntspapl;l Mz;L njupatpy;iy. ,uz;lhtJ gjpg;G 1912k; Mz;L ntspte;jJ. ,g;NghJ %d;whk; gjpg;G 90 Mz;Lfs; fopj;J ntspte;Js;sJ.  gjpg;G ed;whf ,Ue;jhYk; ,d;Dk; nfhQ;rk; $ba ftdk; vLj;jpUf;fyhk;.

ciu njspthf jbj;j vOj;jpy; gjpag;gl;lJNghy; ghly;fs; gjpag;gltpy;iy. vOj;Jf;fs; kpfTk; kq;fyhfj; njupfpwJ. ghly;fspd; vOj;JUtj;ij khw;wpaNjhL epy;yhky; mjid jbj;j (bold)   vOj;jpy; khw;wpapUe;jhy; ghly;fs; fz;Zf;F gspr;rpLfpwkhjpup ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;.

NghjfhrpupaH vOjpa Vida Ehy;fisAk; Njbg;gpbj;J mtw;iw kWgjpg;Gr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf mtH vOjpa rpe;jhkzp epfz;il kWgjpg;Gr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. jkpowpQHfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; jkpo; Muha;r;rp khztHfSf;Fk; mJ kpfTk; gad; cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. (mLj;j fpoik epiwTWk;)

 

''Nre;jidf; fe;jidr;  nrq;Nfhl;L ntw;gidr;....''

ef;fPud;

(7)

nuhud;Nwh ngU efuj;jpy; fpoik NjhWk; Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L %d;W fiy tpohf;fshtJ eilngWfpwJ. ,jpy; ngUk;ghyhdit ,ir> eldk;> ehl;ba ehlfk; Nghd;w nkd;fiyfSf;Nf Kjyplk; nfhLf;fpd;wd. mg;gbr; nra;jhy;jhd; $l;lk; $Lk; vd;gJ tpoh mikg;ghsHfspd; vjpHghHg;G.  

,y;yhtpl;lhy; $l;lj;ijr; NRHf;f jkpof jpiuAyfpy; ,Ue;J ahiuahtJ mioj;J tuNtz;Lk;. Fiwe;jgl;rk; FkupKj;ijahtJ mioj;J tuNtz;Lk;! FkupKj;J Fiwe;jtH  my;y. mjpKf Nkilg; Ngr;rhsH! mtuJ Kfj;Jf;F thf;Fg; NghLfpwtHfs; jkpofj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.

jdpNa ,yf;fpaf; $l;lk; vd;whYk; $l;lk; NruhJ. ,aiy> ,iria> ehlfj;ij Ritf;f fiyAzHT ,Ue;jhy; NghJk;. Mdhy; ,yf;fpak; mg;gbapy;iy. mjw;F ,yf;fpa mwpT Ntz;Lk;. ,yf;fpa czHT Ntz;Lk;.

nghJthff; $wpdhy; Ehy; ntspaPL vd;why; $l;lk; NrUtjpy;iy. jpUkzj;Jf;Fr; nrhy;tJNghy ntw;wpiy itj;J mioj;J gpd;dH NeupYk; njhiyNgrpapYk; mioj;J Qhgfj;gLj;jp tUe;jpf; $g;gpl;lhy;jhd; $l;lk; NrUfpwJ.

,aw;wkpo; NghjfhrpupaH r.tapj;jpaypq;fgps;is mtHfspd; Ehw;whz;L tpohntd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lhYk; fUizf;F mUzfpupehjH ,aw;wpa  fe;juyq;fhu %yj;Jf;F vOjpa ciu EhiyAk;> f. NtYg;gps;is vOjpa aho;g;ghz itgt nfsKjp Ehypd; ,uz;lhk; gjpg;igAk; ntapaPL nra;J itg;gNj tpohtpd; cz;ikahd Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.

tpoh epfo;r;rpfs; khiy 6.00 kzpf;F Muk;gkhFk; vd;W Nghl;bUe;jhYk; epfo;r;rpfs; Muk;gpf;f 7.00 kzpf;F Nkyhfptpl;lJ.  6.00 kzp vd;W Nghl;lhy; jkpo; Neuj;jpd;gb  7.00 kzpf;Nf njhlq;FthHfs; vd;W fzpj;J Neuq; fopj;J tUgtHfs; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.

toikahd epfo;r;rpfNshL tpoh Muk;gkhdJ. fdlh ehl;Lg; gz; ghlg;ngw;wJ. Mdhy; jkpoPo ehl;Lg;gz; ghlg;ngwtpy;iy. fhuzk; ghl ,Ue;jtHfs; tUif jutpy;iy.

nghJthf ,g;gbahd epfo;rpfis jkpo;nkhop tho;j;NjhL  Muk;gpg;gNj ey;yJ. ghujpahupd; 'tho;f epue;juk; tho;f; jkpo; nkhop thopa thopaNt' vdj; njhlq;Fk; jkpo;nkhop tho;j;J my;yJ kNdhd;kzpak; Re;judhH ghba ''gy;YapUk; gyTyFk; gilj;jspj;Jj;  Jilf;fpDNkhH vy;iyaW'' vd;W njhlq;Fk; jkpo;j; nja;t tzf;fg; ghl;il ghbdhNy NghJkhdJ.

cz;ikapy; ghujpahupd; jkpo;nkhop tho;j;Jg; ghly;jhd; vy;NyhUk; vy;yh epfo;r;rpfspYk;  ghLtjw;F vspikahdJ. ,dpikahdJ. Mdhy; ,g;NghJ Gjpa  Gjpa ''Njrpa fPjq;fs;'' ghlg;ngWfpd;wd. mit Njitjhdh vd;gij rk;ge;jg;gl;ltHfs;  vz;zpg; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;.

'Mrp' Aiuia rptjpU FkhuRthkpf; FUf;fs; Mw;wpdhH. Ke;jpa fhyq;fspy; ,g;NghJs;s tzf;fk; eilKiwapy; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. gs;spf;$l thj;jpahH tFg;giwf;Fs; Eise;jJk; 'ek];fhuk;' vd;W nrhy;ypj;jhd; (kdJf;Fs; nky;y rtHf;fhuk; vd;W nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L)  jkpo;g; gs;spf; $lj;jpy; tuNtw;Nghk;. gpd;dH mJ tzf;fkhf khwpaJ. mNjNghy; => =y=> =k];J> Rgk];J jpUthf khw;wg;gl;;lJ. mjw;Fg; ngUk; Nghuhl;lNk elj;jg;gl;lnjd;gJ NtW fij. mNj Nghy; 'tpth` Rg K$Hj;jg; gj;jpupif' my;yJ  'fy;ahz tpQ;Qhgdk;' ,d;W jpUkz miog;gpjo; vd;Nwh kzkd;wy; miog;G vd;;Nwh te;J tpl;lJ. Fk;ghtpN\fk; jdpj; jkpopy; FlKOf;fhf khwptpl;lJ.

NkYk; ']\;bag;j G+Hj;jp' kzptpoh vd;Wk;> 'UJkq;fs ];ehdk;' G+g;G ePuhl;L tpoh vd;Wk; 'fpU`g;gpuNtrk;' GJkid GFtpoh vd;Wk; Jha jkpohf khw;wg;gl;L tpl;ld. ,Ue;Jk; 'Mrp' vd;w tlnrhy; Nghf khl;Nld; vd;fpwJ.

xU gioa jpiug;glj;jpy; kiwe;j fiythzH fpU\zidg; ghHj;J  xU IaH 'cq;fSf;F vd; MrPHthjk;' vd;ghH. clNd fiythzH 'Mrp' vdf;F 'thjk;' ckf;F vd;W fpz;ly; mbg;ghH! MrpAiuia tho;j;Jiu vd;W NghLtNj rupahdJ. kw;wg;gb fdf kNdhfud; iftz;zk; NghYk; epfo;r;rp epuypy; jkpo; 95 tpOf;fhL gspr;rpl;lJ!

jiyik ciuahw;wpa fdf kNdhfud; ( mJ vd;dNkh mtiug; ghHf;Fk;  Nghnjy;yhk; mfj;jpaupd; epidT tUfpwJ) tof;fk; Nghy Mq;fpyf; ftpijfisAk; Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;bg; NgrpdhH. mtH Ngrpa Ngr;R gy ehl;fs; Maj;jk; nra;J NgrpaJNghyj; njupe;jJ. fhuzk; ifapy; fj;ij fj;ijahff; Fwpg;Gfs; itj;jpUe;jhH. 'vdf;F 15 epkplq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. Mdhy; vdJ Ngr;ir 3 epkplq;fspy; Kbj;J tpLfpNwd;' vd;W nrhd;dNghJ 'mg;ghlh' vd;W kdJf;Fs; epidj;Jf; nfhz;Nld;.

mg;Gwk; xt;nthU epfo;r;rpf;F Kd;dUk; gpd;dUk; ePz;l mwpKf my;yJ ed;wpTiu Mw;wp> kpr;rk; gpbj;j 12 epkplq;fSf;F tl;b Nghl;L ,uz;L klq;F Neuj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhH! mJ rup fdlh  ehl;Lg; gz;Zf;Fk; (Njrpa fPjj;Jf;Fk;) %d;W epkpl mwpKfTiu Njitjhdh?

NguhrpupaH tz. NahNrg; re;jpufhe;jd; ngaiuj; jiytH NguhrpupaH NahH[; re;jpufhe;jd; vd;W nrhd;dhH (epfo;r;rp epuypYk; mg;gbj;jhd; gpioahfg; Nghlg;gl;bUe;jJ). vdf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; mkHe;jpUe;j mbfshH ,Uf;ifapy; nfhQ;rk; neope;jJNghy vdf;Fg; gl;lJ! rup me;j tpLghl;ilg; gpd;dH jpUj;jpa jiytH NguhrpupaH tz. NahNrg; re;jpufhrd; vd;W gpiof;F Nky; gpioia tpl;lhH. mNj Nghyj;jhd; cjad; Vl;bd; MrpupaH NyhNfe;jpuypq;fj;jpd; ngaiu NyhNfe;jpud; vd;W rupghjpahf <d ,uf;fkpd;wp ntl;bg; Nghl;lhH!

gl;bdg;ghiyiaAk; jiytH tpl;L itf;ftpy;iy. mjpypUe;Jk; xU Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;bdhH. gl;bdg;ghiy fhyj;jpy; ty;ntl;bj;Jiw ngupa JiwKfkhf ,Ue;jjw;F (?) me;j Nkw;Nfhs; rhd;whff; fhl;lg;gl;lJ.

tuNtw;Giu epfo;j;jpa  nry;tk; RUf;fkhf mNj Neuk; nghUNshL nrhy;yp Kbj;jhH. jiytiu mwptpg;ghsuhfj; juk; ,wf;fhky; epfo;r;rpfisj; njhFj;J toq;f ,d;ndhUtiu  mkHj;jp ,Ue;jhy; ed;whf ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;.

cjad; NyhNfe;jpuypq;fk; ; nfsKjp Ehiyg;gw;wp ve;jf; fUj;JNk $wtpy;iy. toikNghy mtruj;jpy; eFyrpfhkzpia thdshtg; ghuhl;b tpl;L tha;g;Gf;F ed;wp$wp jdJ Ngr;ir RUf;fkhf Kbj;Jf; nfhz;lhH.  xU rlq;Ff;F mtiug; Ngr mioj;jJ Nghy vdf;Fg; gl;lJ.

mLj;J NguhrpupaH tz. NahNrg; re;jpufhe;jd; rpwg;Giu toq;fpdhH. mtH fye;J nfhs;shj Ehy; ntspaPl;L tpohf;fs; ,y;iy vd;gJNghy vy;yh tpohf;fspYk; mtuJ Kd;dpiy  te;Jtpl;lJ.  vg;NghJk; nrhy;y Ntz;ba fUj;Jf;fis czHr;rpf;F ,lq;nfhlhJ mwptpay; jsj;jpy; epd;W nfhz;L ,uj;jpdr; RUf;fkhfr; nrhy;yp> nfhLj;j Neuj;Jf;Fs; Ngr;ir Kbj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jpwik mtuplk; cz;L. jkpoHfs; vOJk; tuyhw;W  Ehy;fs; gy;fiyf; fof newpfSf;Fk; tuyhw;W msTNfhYf;Fk; mika vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij mtH vy;yh NkilfspYk; typAWj;jp tUfpwhH.  

Kd;dhs; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdH gp.v];. #irjhrd; ed;whfg; NgrpdhH.  Mdhy; Neuj;jpd; mUik njupahky; ePz;l Neuk; NgrpdhH.  me;jff;ftp tPuuhftd; fjpukiyia  Mz;l nraJq;ftuuhrd; ngaupy; xU gpuge;jk; ghbdhd;. mjidf; Nfl;L kfpoe;j murd; mtDf;F kzw;wply; vd;Dk; ehl;ilg; guprhff; nfhLj;jhd;. aho;ghbg; guprhfg; ngw;wjhy; mjw;F aho;g;ghzk; vdg; ngaupl;lhd;. ,e;jf; fij vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupe;j fij. Mdhy; nghUj;jkpy;yhj fij. ahopirj;Jg; ngw;why; aho;g;ghb vd;W kl;Lk; ngaH te;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nkyjpfkhfg; ghzd; vd;w ngaH vq;fpUe;J te;jJ? ,tw;iw ed;whf Ma;e;J aho;g;ghzk; vd;w ngaH te;jjpw;Fupa fhuzpfis tpsf;fp ,Ue;jhy; gaDilajhf ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;.

ftpd; fyhyah toq;fpa fpuhkpa ,ir fz;Zf;Fk; fUj;Jf;Fk; tpUe;jhf ,Ue;jJ. tapuKj;J jpt;tpauhrd; ey;y fk;gPuj;NjhL ghbdhH. gf;f thj;jpaf;fhuHfs; vy;NyhUk; ed;whfr; nra;jhHfs;.

,g;gbahd fpuhkpa ,ir NkYk; NkYk; tsHtjw;F jkpo; czHthsHfs;  MjuT toq;f Ntz;Lk;. fpuhkpa ,ir vq;fsJ guk;giur; nrhj;Jf;fspy; xd;W. ,g;NghJ jkpopir jkpo; czHT mbNahL ,y;yhj jpiuAyf ,iraikg;ghsHfs; ghlyhrpupaHfsplk; rpf;fp nkj;jTk; rPuope;J tUfpwJ.

,e;j ,ir epfo;r;rpia ,d;Dk; ntFthfr; Ritj;jpUf;fyhk;.  Mdhy; mjw;F ,ilA+whf xypngUf;fp akdhf te;Jepd;W njhy;iy nfhLj;jJ. Nfl;gtHfsJ fhJfs; ,Uk;Gf; fhJfs; vd;w epidg;gpy; xypaikg;ghsH njhdpapd; fd msit kpfTk; $l;b mitNahuJ capiu thq;fpdhH. jpUkz tpohf;fspYk; ,Nj fijjhd;. nghJthf xyp mikg;ghsHfSf;F ,ir vJ> ,iur;ry; vJ vd;w Ntw;Wik njupahky; ,Uf;fpwJ. mjdhy; ,e;j tij elf;fpwJ!

eld epfo;r;rpfs; midj;Jk; ed;whf ,Ue;jd. ,e;jpuk`h eld fyhyak; jpUQhdRe;jH = ukzd; toq;fpa ''ehjtpNdhjq;fs;''> nry;tp. nrhHzyjh nrhHztbNty; toq;fpa ''vq;fs;  jiytd;  tuTf;fha; fhj;jpUe;Njhk;''> nry;tp Rghrpdp eluhrh toq;fpa ''KUfd; gjk;'' ntF  NeHj;jpahf ,Ue;jd.

,e;j tpohtpy; vdf;Fg; gpbj;j epfo;r;rp rptjpU FkhuRthkpf; FUf;fs; Ehy; gjpg;ghsH eFyrpfhkzp mtHfSf;F tof;fkhd nghd;dhilf;Fg; gjpy; mry; gl;lhil NghHj;jp Nkd;ikg; gLj;jpaJjhd;. EhW nlhyH ngWkjpahd gl;lhiliag; NghHj;Jtjpy; moFk; ,Uf;fpwJ. gaDk; ,Uf;fpwJ.

gpd;dH mNj Nkilapy; nfsKjp Ehypd; rPuikg;Gf;F cioj;j rhitak;gjp ,. Rg;gpukzpak; mtHfl;F eFyrpfhkzp gl;lhil NghHj;jp fdk; nra;jhH. ,e;j vLj;Jf;fhl;il nghd;dhil NghHj;jj; Jbf;fpwtHfs; gpd;gw;wpdhy; eykhf ,Uf;Fk;!

rpwpgjp Ngr Nkilf;F te;jNghJ Neuk; 11 kzpia vl;b tpl;lJ. ehw;fhypfspy; rup ghjp ntwpr;Nrhbf; fple;jd. rpwpgjpia ey;y Nkilg; Ngr;rhsH vd;Wjhd; ,Jtiu ehd; vz;zp ,Ue;Njd;. mJ jtW vd;gij ''Nre;jidf; fe;jidr;  nrq;Nfhl;L ntw;gidr; nrQ;RlHNty; Nte;jidr; nre;jkpo; Ehy; tpupj;Njhid''  vd;w mUzfpupahupd; fe;juyq;fhug; ghl;il rPHfhopia epidTgLj;JtJNghy;  kpf mofhfg; ghb vz;gpj;jhH.

mUzfpupahH re;jk; epiwe;j jpUg;Gfo; ghly;fs; %yk; jkpOf;F Gjpa nghypTk;> tdg;Gk; nfhLj;jtH. mtw;wpy; tlnkhop mjpfkhff; fye;jpUg;gJ mtH Fw;wk; ,y;iy. mJ fhyj;jpd; Fw;wk;. mtH ghba Kjy; jpUg;Gfopy; re;jk; nfhQ;rp tpisahLtijg; ghHf;fyhk;.

 ""Kj;ijj; jU gj;jpj; jpUeif
      mj;jpf;fpiw rj;jpr; rutz
         Kj;jpf;nfhU tpj;jpf; FUgud;       vdNthJk;

.........................................................................."" 

mJ kl;Lk; my;yhJ jpj;jpf;Fk; nre;jkpio cskhuf; fhjypj;jtH. jpUg;Gfo; flTs; tho;j;jpy; mUzfpupehjH-

      ""Kj;jkp oiltpid Kw;gL fpupjdpy;
                     Kw;gl vOjpa                    Kjy;NthNd
         Kg;Gu nkupnra;j mr;rpt Diwujk;

               mr;rJ nghb nra;j ............

vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. Kj;jkpoilT vd;gJ vy;yh nkhopfSf;Fk; Kw;gLkhW ,ay; ,ir ehlfk; vd;Dk; Kj;jkpo; Ehy; Kiwikia mfj;jpaH $w tpehafH vOjpdhH vd;gJ Guhzk;.    

,e;j tpohtpid ngUj;j Kaw;rp  vLj;J  ntw;wpfukhf xg;Ngw;wpa jpUthsHfs;  eFyrpfhkzp> > fdf kNdhfud;> rpj; gj;kehjd;.  ,e;jpurpfhkzp.  rpwPjud;> jpUkjp. eFyrpfhkzp  KjypNahH ghuhl;Lf;Fk; tho;j;Jf;Fk; cupatHfs;. ,e;j tpoh <oj;jkpoH jq;fs; CHgw;wpAk; NtHgw;wpAk;  mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; xU tuyhw;WzHit> rpe;jidia Vw;gLj;jpapUf;Fk; vd ek;GfpNwd;.  (Kw;Wk;)