fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu

xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......

fpwp];NjhgH nfhyk;g];

(31 )

Mrpahtpw;F mj;yhd;bf; rKj;jpuk; Clhf Nkw;Fj; jpirahfg; gazk; Gwg;gl;l fpwp];NjhgH nfhyk;g]; (1451-1506) mjw;Fg; gjpyhf Kw;wpYk; vjpHghuhjtpjkhf xU Gjpa cyfj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;Jg; Gfo;ngw;wJnjupe;jNj.

1492k; Mz;L xf;NlhgH 12k; ehs; fupgPd; flypy; cs;s jPnthd;wpy; Kjd; Kjyhf ,uz;L cyfq;fs; jq;fis mwpahkNy re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,Rg;ghdpa muRf;fhf INuhg;ghtpy; ,Ue;J Mrpahtpw;F xU flw; ghijiaf; fz;Lgpbf;f Gwg;gl;l NghJjhd; nfhyk;g]; jw;nrayhf mnkupf;fhitf; fz;L gpbj;jhH.

mjd; gpd;dH 1492 -1904f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ehd;F Kiw fupgPDf;Fg; gazk; nra;jhH. ,Ue;Jk; jhd; fz;L gpbj;j epyk; 13k; Ehw;whz;by; khHf;fNghNyh jiutopahf rPdhtiu gazk; nra;jNghJ ghHj;jmNj epye;jhd; vd mtH ek;gpdhH. ,e;j ek;gpf;if mtuJ filrpf; fhyk;tiu ePbj;jJ. kpf tpiutpy; fupgPd; jPTfs; Clhf khHfNghNyh gazk; nra;j efuq;fSf;F fly; topiaf; fz;Lgpbg;gJ rhj;jpak; vd;Wk; mtH ek;gpdhH.

nfhyk;g];jhd; Kjd; Kjypy; mnkupf;fhitf; fz;L gpbj;j INuhg;gpaH vd;W vz;ZtJ jtwhFk;. nfhyk;gRf;F KjNy 10k;> 11k; Ehw;whz;by; ];fd;bNdtpahitr; NrHe;j itf;fpq;]; (Vikings) vd;w rhjpapdH fdlhtpy; cs;s epA+gpd;yhe;jpy; FbNawp nrhw;g fhyk; tho;e;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.

nfhyk;grpd; mnkupf;f fz;L gpbg;G cyfj;jpy; ngupa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;jf; fz;L gpbg;G mnkupf;fhit fl;LkPwpa INuhg;gpa FbNaw;wj;jpw;F mbNfhypaJ.

INuhg;gpa kf;fs; kl;Lk; my;yhJ INuhg;gpa fz;lj;ijr; NrHe;j tpyq;Ffs;> nrbnfhbfs;> gz;ghLfs;> rpe;jidfs; ,tw;wpd; ,wf;Fkjpf;Fk; ,e;jf; fz;Lgpbg;G fhy;Nfhs; ,l;lJ. mNj rkak; ,e;j fz;Lgpbg;Gf;F xU ,Uz;l gf;fKk; ,Ue;jJ. ehd; Vw;fdNt vOjpaJNghy ,yl;rf; fzf;fhd mnkupf;f ehl;L G+HtPf kf;fs; Aj;jj;jpdhYk;> fl;lha Ntiyf; nfhLikahYk;> nts;isepwj;jtH jq;fNshL nfhz;Lte;J NrHj;j NehapdhYk; ,we;J gl;lhHfs;.

nfhyk;girg; gw;wpr; rupahahfj; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;why; mtH gpwe;J tsHe;j mtH fhyj;J cyfj;ijAk; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gjpide;jhk; Ehw;whz;L jiyfPo; khw;wj;Jf;Fg; ngaHNghd Ehw;whz;L. me;j Ehw;whz;by; ,lk;ngw;w rk;gtq;fs; INuhg;gpa r%fj;ijg; ngupJk; ghjpj;jJ. me;jr; rk;gtq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yf; $baJ fpwpj;jtHfSf;Fk; ,RyhkpaHfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; gy Ehw;whz;Lfhykhf ,lk;ngw;W te;j Aj;jk; KbTf;F te;jjhFk;.

gy Ehw;whz;L fhy ,iltplhj Nghupd; gpd; 1492k; Mz;L fpwpj;jt ehlhd ,Rghdpahtpy; ,Ue;J ,Ryhkpa NrhdfHfis (Moors) tpul;Ltjpy; ,RghdpaHfs; ntw;wp fz;lhHfs;. Mdhy; mNef Ehw;whz;Lfshf itjPf fpwpj;Jt girhd;ijapd; (Orthodox Christian Byzantine Empire) jiyefuhf nfhd;];jd;jpNehgps; ( Constantinople ) jiyefuhf ,Ue;J te;jJ. ,Jjhd; ,d;iwa JUf;fpapy; cs;s ,];jhd;Gs; efukhFk; ( modern Istanbul in Turkey) K];ypk; xl;lkhd; JUf;fpauplk; 1493y; tPo;r;rp mile;jJ. ,jdhy; INuhg;gh nfhd;];jd;jpNehgps; topahf MrpahNthL itj;jpUe;j thzpfj; njhlHG Jz;bf;fg;gll;lJ.

nfhd;];jd;jpNehgps; efuNk INuhg;gpahtpw;Fk; Mrpahtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; xU Kf;fpa thzpf ikakhf ,Ue;J te;jJ. njd; INuhg;ghtpd; ngUk; gFjpia xl;lkhd; JUf;fpaH mjw;F Kd;dH ifg;gw;wp ,Ue;jhHfs;. nfhd;];jd;jpNehgps; JUf;fpaH ifapy; tpOe;j gpd;dUk; INuhg;gpa tzpfHfs; Mrpa ehl;Lg; nghUl;fis vfpg;jpd; JiwKfg; gl;bdq;fspy; xd;whd mnyf;];jhd;wpahtpy; thzpfk; nra;j K];ypk;fsplk; ,Ue;J thq;fpdhHfs;.

,Ue;Jk; INuhg;gpaH ,ilj; jufHfshd K];ypk;fis xJf;fptpl;L Mrpa ehLfsJ cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis Neubahf thq;fpf; nfhz;LtUtjw;F fly; topg; ghijnahd;wpid fz;L gpbf;f tpUk;gpdhHfs;. Mrpahtpd; ,yhgfukhd thzpfj;ij ifg;gw;Wtjd; %yk; ngupa nry;tj;ij jpul;lyhk; vd;w vz;zk; INuhg;gpa murHfSf;Fk; murpfSf;Fk; Vw;gl;lJ.

,Ryhkpa NrhdfHfis jq;fs; ehl;by; ,Ue;J ntw;wpfukhf tpul;bagpd; nghJthf fpwpj;Jt kjj;ijAk;> Fwpg;ghf ,RghdpauJ Ml;rpiaAk; cynfq;Fk; epiy ehl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mir ,RghdpaHfs; kdjpy; vOe;jJ. ,e;j Miria Jhz;Ltjw;F ,Rg;ghdpaHfsJ gz;ghL xU fhuzkhFk;. Gjpa ehLfisf; fz;L gpbj;J mtw;iw ,Rg;ghdpa murpd; fl;Lg; ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L tuNtz;Lk; vd;w rpe;jid mtHfsJ gz;ghl;by; NkNyhq;fpapUe;jJ.

Mrpahtpy; ahH Kjy; fhy; gjpg;gJ vd;w Nghl;bapy; NghHj;Jf;fy; ehLjhd; ntd;wp ngw;wJ. gjpide;jhk; Ehw;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; NghHj;Jf;NfaH tl Mgpupf;fhit jhf;fp [pg;gpwhy;uH ePuizapy; cs;s K];ypk;fspd; thzpf ikakhd nrl;lh (Ceuta) itf; ifg;gw;wpdhHfs;. ,e;j ntw;wp K];ypk;fs; ifapy; mJfhytiu ,Ue;j Mgpupf;f fz;lj;jpd; ftHr;rpfukhd VfNghf thzpg tha;g;Gf;fspy; NghHj;Jf;NfaUk; gq;Fnfhs;s top jpwe;jJ.

nrl;lh ifg;gw;wg;gl;l FWfpa fhyj;jpy; ,sturH n`d;wp (Henry the Navigator) njd; NghHj;Jf;fypy; flNyhbfSf;fhd xU gs;spf;$lj;ij njhlq;fpdhH. NghHj;Jf;Nfaf; fg;gy;fs; njd; Mgpupf;fhitr; Rw;wp Mrpahtpw;Fg; gazk; nra;Ak; Kaw;rpapy; ,wq;fpd.

1497k; Mz;L A+iy khjk; 8k; ehs; yp];gd; JiwKfj;jpy; ,Ue;J t];nfh l fhk ( (Vasco da Gama ) tpd; jiyikapy; RkhH 150 khYkpfs; nfhz;l fg;gw;gil Mgpupf;fhitr; Rw;wp Mrpahit miltjw;fhd gazj;ij njhlq;fpaJ. ,ilapilNa eq;$ukpl;l fg;gw;gil mNj Mz;L bnrk;gH khjk; 16k; ehs; la]; vd;w Kidia mile;jJ. mjd; gpd;dH 1948k; Mz;L rdtup ,Wjpapy; muhgpaHfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;s ]k;grp gpuNjrj;ij mile;jJ. muh gpaHfsJ vjpHg;Gf;fisr; rkhspj;Jf; nfhz;LNk khjk; 20k; ehs; Nfusj;jpd; JiwKfg; gl;bdq;fspy; xd;whd fs;spf;Nfhl;ilapy; fg;gy;fs; eq;$ukpl;ld.

gjpdhd;fhk; Ehw;whz;by; ,Ue;J fs;spf;Nfhl;il Kj;Jf;fs;> etuj;jpdq;fs;> eWkzr; ruf;Ffs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F Kf;fpa re;ijahf ,Ue;jJ. muhgpaHfsJ Kl;Lf;fl;ilfisAk; kPwp Nfus murHfsJ el;igg; ngWtjpy; t];nfhlfhk ntw;wp ngw;whH. t];nfhlfhkhtpd; fg;gw;gil NghHj;Jf;fy; Nehf;fpa kPs; gazj;ij 1498k; Mz;L xf;NlhgH 5k; ehs; Muk;gpj;J 1499k; Mz;L A+iy khjk; 10k; ehs; Kbj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.

ehL jpUk;gpa t];nfhlfhkhtpw;F kpfg; ngupa tuNtw;Gf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W nrhy;y Ntz;bajpy;iy.,e;jpaf; flw;gpuhe;jpaj;jpw;F t];nfhlfhk flw;gilj; jsgjpahf epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhH. kPz;Lk; t];nfhlfhkhtpd; jiyikapy; 20 fg;gy;fs; mlq;fpa gil ,e;jpah Nehf;fpg; Gwg;gl;lJ. ,k;Kiw fs;spf;Nfhl;ilia Kw;Wiff;Fs; Mf;fp muhgpaHfSf;F nrhe;jkhd 29 fg;gy;fis t];nfhlfhk jhf;fp mopj;jhH. mjd;gpd; Nfus rNkhupd; murNuhL thzpf xg;ge;jk; xd;iw vOjpf; nfhz;lhH.

Nfusj;jpy; 7 Mz;Lfs; epiyj;J ,Ue;J jq;fs; gilgyq;fis ngUf;fp fhYhd;wpf; nfhz;lgpd; 1505k;Mz;L Nyhwd;]; b my;Nklh (Lawrence de Almeida) jiyikapy; xU fg;gw;gil khiyjPT Nehf;fpg; gazk; nra;jJ. khiyjPtpy; muhgpaHfsJ ifNahq;fp tUtij jLj;J epWj;jNt ,e;jg; gazk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,ilapy; fg;gy; fLk; Gaypy; rpf;fpf; nfhz;lJ. ,uz;L ehl;fs; flypy; miye;jgpd; fg;gy; ,yq;ifapd; Nkw;Ff; fiuapy; xJq;fpaJ. vg;gb fpwp];Njhg]; nfhyk;g]; fpA+gh jPitg; ghHj;jNghJ "" ""fz;fs; vg;NghJk; fz;buhj NguoF"" vd;W thiag; gpse;jhNuh mNjkhjpup ,yq;ifj; jPit Nyhwd;]; b my;Nklh ghHj;jNghJ mjd; moF mtuJ cs;sj;ijf; nfhs;is nfhz;lJ.

mg;NghJ Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;ij jHk ghuhf;fpukghF vd;w rpq;fs murd; murhz;L nfhz;bUe;jhd;. me;j murdpd; xw;wHfs; fiuapwq;fpa NghHj;Jf;Nfaiuf; vl;bapUe;J ghHj;J tpag;G Nkypl;ltuha; mtdplk; Xbr; nrd;W nrhd;d nra;jpia ,uhrthyp vd;w rpq;fs ,jpfhrk; gjpT nra;Js;sJ.

""nts;is epwj;jtHfshd mtHfs; fhypy; rg;ghj;Jk;> jiyapy; njhg;gpAk; mzpe;J ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. xUtpjfy;iy czthfr; rhg;gpLfpwhHfs;. ,uj;jj;ijf; Fbf;fpwhHfs;""vd;gJjhd; mtHfs; nrhd;d nra;jp. ,g;NghJ vg;gb vd;W njupatpy;iy. me;jf; fhyj;J ,yq;ifgw;wpa jkpo; tuyhw;W Ehy;fspy; ,g;gbj;jhd; vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ.

mjd;gpd; xy;yhe;juhy; tpul;babf;fg;gLk; tiu ( 1658) fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ePq;fyhf Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; (1554-1597)> aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak; (1619-1658) ,uz;ilAk; NghHj;Jf;NfaH Mz;lJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupe;j tuyhwhFk;.

,g;gb t];nfhlfhk fpof;fhrpahtpy; NghHj;Jf;Nfaupd; nfhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf;F giltyp nfhz;L mj;jpthuk; ,l;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jNghJ nfhyk;g]; Nkw;fpy; ,RghdpauJ ehLgpbf;Fk; glyj;Jf;F gps;isahH Rop Nghl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jhH.

fpwp];NjhgH nfhyk;g]; ,j;jhypa efukhd n[Ndhthtpy; 1451k; Mz;L gpwe;jtH. mtH ,j;jhypapy; gpwe;jhYk; Kjypy; NghHj;Jf;fypYk;> gpd;dH ,Rg;ghdpahtpYk; FbNawp tho;e;jhH. ,j;jhyp nkhopapy; mtuJ ngaHfpwp];NjhgNuh nfhyk;G ( Cristoforo Colombo). NghHj;Jf;Nfa nkhopapy; mtuJ ngaH fpwp];NjhNth nfhyk; (Christovão Colom), ,Rg;ghdpa nkhopapy; mtuJ ngaH fpwp];Njhgy; nfhyd; ( Cristóbal Colón).

nfhyk;grpd; jfg;gdhH Ml;Lkapiu Ehyhf;Fk; nerTj; njhopypy; <Lgl;bUe;jhH. ,sikf; fhyj;jpy; nfhyk;g]; ngw;w fy;tpiag;gw;wpa tpguk; njupatpy;iy. ngUk;ghYk; mtH jdJ je;ijahupd; njhopiyf; ifj;njhopy; FOtpy; ( craft guilds ) NrHe;J gbj;jpUf;fyhk;. mjd;gpd; je;ijahUf;F cjtpahf njhopy; ghHj;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; xU Kf;fpa JiwKfg; gl;bdj;jpy; tsHe;j nfhyk;g];> mtuJ fhyj;J ,isQHfs;Nghy; ,stajpy; fg;gypy; khYkpahfr; NrHe;J nfhz;lhH. (tsUk;)

fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu

xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......

Nkw;Fj; jpirapy; nrd;why; fpof;;if milayhk;!;

(32 )

,g;NghJ vg;gb vd;W njupatpy;iy. me;jf; fhyj;J ,yq;ifgw;wpa jkpo; tuyhw;W Ehy;fspy; ,g;gbj;jhd; vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ.

mjd;gpd; xy;yhe;juhy; tpul;babf;fg;gLk; tiu ( 1658) fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ePq;fyhf Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; (1554-1597)> aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak; (1619-1658) ,uz;ilAk; NghHj;Jf;NfaH mlf;fp Mz;lJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupe;j tuyhwhFk;.

fpwp];NjhgH nfhyk;g]; ,j;jhypa efukhd n[Ndhthtpy; 1451k; Mz;L gpwe;jtH. mtH ,j;jhypapy; gpwe;jhYk; Kjypy; NghHj;Jf;fypYk;> gpd;dH ,Rg;ghdpahtpYk; FbNawp tho;e;jhH. ,j;jhyp nkhopapy; mtuJ ngaH fpwp];NjhgNuh nfhyk;G ( Cristoforo Colombo ). NghHj;Jf;Nfa nkhopapy; mtuJ ngaH fpwp];NjhNth nfhyk; (Christovão Colom), ,Rg;ghdpa nkhopapy; mtuJ ngaH fpwp];Njhgy; nfhyd; ( Cristóbal Colón).

nfhyk;grpd; jfg;gdhH Ml;Lkapiu Ehyhf;Fk; nerTj; njhopypy; <Lgl;bUe;jhH.

,sikf; fhyj;jpy; nfhyk;g]; ngw;w fy;tpiag;gw;wpa tpguk; njupatpy;iy. ngUk;ghYk; mtH jdJ je;ijahupd; njhopiyf; ifj;njhopy; FOtpy; ( craft guilds ) NrHe;J gbj;jpUf;fyhk;. mjd;gpd; je;ijahUf;F cjtpahf njhopy; ghHj;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; xU Kf;fpa JiwKfg; gl;bdj;jpy; tsHe;j nfhyk;g];> mtuJ fhyj;J ,isQHfs;Nghy; ,stajpy; fg;gypy; khYkpahfr; NrHe;J nfhz;lhH.

nfhyk;g]; fg;gypy; Ntiyf;Fr; NrHe;jNghJ mtUf;F taJ 14 kl;LNk. fg;gy; khYkp vd;w Kiwapy; gy;NtW gzpfspy; mtH mkHj;jg;gl;lhH. jftyhsH (Messenger), rhjhuz khYkp> jz;lay; (captain) vd;W mtH gbg;gbahf gjtp caHT ngw;whH. nfhyk;grpd; kfd; ngHbdd;l vOjpa ""nfhyk;grpd; tho;f;if kw;Wk; mtuJ rhjidfs;"" ( History of the Life and Deeds of Christopher Columbus ) vd;w Ehypy; nfhyk;g]; tl Mgpupf;fh flw;fiuNahuk; gazk; nra;J nfhz;bUe;j ,Rg;ghdpa fg;giy vjpHghuhj tpjj;jpy; jhf;fp mopg;gjw;F gpud;R ehl;Lg; gpuG xUtuhy; $ypf;F mkHj;jg;gl;lhH vdj; njuptpf;fpwhH.

Mdhy; ngUk;ghyhd tuyhw;W MrpupaHfs; ,ij ek;g kWf;fpwhHfs;. 1974k; Mz;L kj;jpa jiuf;flypy; cs;s fpNah]; (Khíos) jPTf;F nfhyk;g]; xU ePz;l fg;gy; gazj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhH. ,e;jg; gazk; nghUshjhuj;ijg; nghWj;j kl;by; jdJ NjitfSf;F FLk;gj;ij ek;gpapUe;j epyikia khw;wp nfhyk;gir nrhe;jf; fhypy; epw;fitf;f cjtpaJ. me;jr; rpwpa jPtpy; nfhyk;g]; xU Mz;L fhyk; jq;fpapUe;jhH.

1476k; Mz;L Mf];l; 13k; ehs; kj;jpajuf; flypy; ,Ue;J ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F gazk; nra;j 5 fg;gy;fspy; xd;wpy; nfhyk;g]; Kjd; Kiwahf me;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuj;Jf;F NghFk; tha;g;Gf; fpl;baJ. Mdhy; mjpl;lk; mtH gf;fk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. nfhyk;g]; nrd;w fg;gy; NghHj;Jf;fy; fiuNahuj;Jf;F mz;ikapy; itj;J jdpg;gl;ltHfSf;F nrhe;jkhd gpud;R fg;gw;gilapd; jhf;FjYf;F cs;shdJ.

nfhyk;g]; gazk; nra;j fg;gy; vupA+l;lg;gl;lJ. jg;Gtjw;F NtW topapy;yhky; rKj;jpuj;jpy; Fjpj;J 10 fp. kP. Jhuk; ePe;jp NghHj;Jf;fypd; fiuia mile;jhH. mg;NghJ mtUf;F taJ 25.

1477k; Mz;lstpy; nfhyk;g]; yp];gdpd; jq;fptpl;;lhH. gjpdhd;fhk; Ehw;whz;bd; eLtpy; ,Ue;J yp];gd; efuk; flNyhbfs;> GjpaehLgpbg;NghH ( explorers), Jzpr;ry;fhuHfs;> tzpfHfs; Nghd;wtHfSf;F Gfyplkhf tpsq;fpaJ. nfhyk;grpd; cld;gpwg;gpy; xUtuhdgj;jnyhK ( Bartholomew) yp];gdpy; Gtpay;glk; tiugtuhf Copak; ghHj;jhH. nfhQ;rf; fhyk; mtNuhL NrHe;J glk; tiutjpYk; gioa Gj;jfq;fis Nrfupf;fg;gjpYk; nfhyk;g]; <Lgl;lhH. mtw;iw 1477k; Mz;Lf; filrpapy; fg;gypy; Vw;wp tlf;F mj;jpyhe;jpf; JiwKfg; gl;bdq;fspy; nfhz;L Ngha; tpw;whHfs;.

1478y; nfhyk;g]; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhH. mtuJ kidtp ngaH Felipa Perestrelloe Moniz vd;gjhFk;. NghHj;Jf;fy; ehl;bd; gpuGj;Jt Mdhy; XusT Viof; FLk;gj;ijr; rhHe;jtH. mtHfSf;F xU Foe;ij gpwe;jJ. mjd;gpd; nfhyk;grpd; kidtp ,we;Jtpl;lhH.

1481 my;yJ 1482d; Kw;gFjpapy; nfhyk;g]; ,g;NghJ fhdh vd;W miof;fg;gLk; (md;W mJ Elmina vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ) Nkw;F Mgpupf;f ehl;Lf;Fg; gazk; nra;jhH. Mgpupf;f ehl;bd; nry;t tsq;fs;> Fwpg;ghf jq;fk;> mtuJ kdijg; ngupJk; ftHe;jJ. Vida flNyhbfs; Nghy; gUtf; fhw;Wf;fs; gw;wpAk;> rKj;jpuj;jpd; ePHr;Ropfs; gw;wpAk; Nfl;lwptjpy; mtH MHtk; fhl;bdhH. Mgpupf;fhtpd; Nkw;Ff; fiuapYk; mUfpy; ,Ue;j fdwpj; jPTfspYk; (Canary Islands) fhzg;gl;l ePHr;Ropfs;gw;wp mwpe;J nfhz;lhH. ,e;j mDgtNk mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuj;ijf; flg;gjw;F ,Rg;ghdpah my;yJ NghHj;Jf;fy;iyj; NjHe;njLf;fhky; fdwP]; jPitj; nfhyk;g]; NjHe;njLe;jjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vd ek;gg;gLfpwJ.

Nkw;Fj; jpirapy; gazk; nra;J fpof;if milayhk; vd;w fUj;jpay; nfhyk;gRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ my;y. mg;gb mtH nrhe;jk; nfhz;lhlTk; ,y;iy. mtH nra;jnjy;yhk; mtUf;F Ke;jpa 1>000 Mz;Lfhyq;fspy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l mwptpay;gw;wpa juTfis Kiwahff; fw;Wf; nfhz;lJjhd;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf fpNuf;f> cNuhk GtpayhsHfs; cyfpd; Nkw;gug;gpy; xNu jz;zPHj; jpus;jhd; ( one body of water ) cz;L vd;Wk; mJ INuhg;ghitAk; MrpahitAk; ,izf;fpwJ vd;w Nfhl;ghl;il nfhz;ltHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. me;jf; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb xUtH Nkw;F Nehf;fpg; gazk; nra;J fpof;Fj; jpiriag; Ngha; milayhk;. mjd; Jhuk;gw;wpj;jhd; fUj;J Ntw;Wik ,Ue;jJ.

cyfk;> INuhg;gh - Mrpah ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s Jhuk;gw;wp nfhyk;g]; Gtpay; Ehy;fisg; gbj;Nj mwpe;J nfhz;lhH. FNshba]; njhykp (fp.gp. 100-170) vOjpa Gtpapay; Ehy;> 1480y; Pierre d'Ailly vOjpa G+kpapd; gpk;gk; ( Imago Mundi (Image of the World), 1928y; khHf;Nfh NghNyh vOjp ntspapl;l "khHf;fNghNyhtpd; gazq;fs;" ( The Travels of Marco Polo) Nghd;w Ehy;fs; mjpy; mlq;Fk;.

,tw;iw ehd; tpupthf vOJtjw;Ff; fhuzk; VNjh nfhyk;g]; Gj;jH mur kuj;jpd; fPo;; mkHe;J xU KOepyh ehspy; Qhdk; ngw;wJ Nghy nfhyk;gRk; xU ehs; ml;lkp> etkp> uhF fhyk;> akfz;lk; ,y;yhjey;y RgNeu RgK$Hj;jj;jpy; fg;gy; xd;wpy; Vwp Mrpahitf; fz;L gpbf;Fk; ntwpNahL gazg;gl;L mnkupf;fhitf; fz;L gpbj;jhH vd;W ahUk; vz;zptplf; $lhJ vd;gjhy;jhd;. njhlHr;rpahd Ma;T> fLikahd ciog;G %ye;jhd; mtuhy; me;jr; rhjidia nra;a Kbe;jJ. (tsUk;)

fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu

xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......

cyf ehfupfj;jpw;F fpNuf;fj;jpd; gq;fspg;G!

(33 )

cyf ehfupfj;Jf;F fpNuf;f mwptpayhsHfsJ gq;fspg;G msg;gupaJ. jj;Jtk;> thdtpay;> fzpjk;> tuyhW> kUj;Jtk;> ,yf;fpak;> fl;blf;fiy Nghd;w Jiwfs; vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; fpNuf;fHfNs "je;ij" MthHfs;.

fp.K. 5k; Ehw;whz;by; ,Ue;J fp.gp. 5k; Ehw;whz;Ltiu fpNuf;f mwptpayhsHfs; fzpjk;> thdtpay; Nghd;w Jy;ypakhd mwptpay; Jiwfspy; ( exact sciences) rhjid gilj;J xU Gfo; g+j;j ghuk;gupaj;Jf;F tpj;jpl;lhHfs;. fzf;fpay; Nkijfs; ,f;Fypl; (Euclid ) kw;Wk; MHfpkpb]; ( Archimedes) Nghd;wtHfsJ rpwg;ghd gilg;Gf;fs; gpujp nra;ag;gl;L fpNuf;fHfspd; fpof;F rhk;uhr;rpaj;jpd; jiyefuhd igrd;upaj;jpy; ( Byzantium) itj;Jf; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;ld. ,tw;iw muhgp> ghurPf nkhopfspy; nkhopngaHj;Jg; gbf;fg;l;ld. ,jdhy; ,e;j mwptpay; Jiwfs; NkYk; tpuptile;jd.

,g;NghJs;s tj;jpf;fd; Ehyfk; mNef nkhopfspy; cyfpy; cs;s tskhd gilg;Gf;fis jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy; gioa mwptpay; gilg;Gf;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lNjhL> 16k; 17k; Ehw;whz;by; ,lk;ngw;w mwptpay; Gul;rpf;F mit fhy;Nfhs; ,l;ld. cNuhk ehfupfj;jpd; kWkyHr;rpapd; NghJ mwptpaYk; kdpjKk; vjpupfshf ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gJkl;Lky;y mit ,aw;ifahd Nerj;NjhLk; tpsq;fpd.

fpNuf;f jj;JtQhdp mup];Njhj;jYf;F (fp.K.384 -fp.K. 322) G+kp cUz;il tbtkhdJ vd;gJ njupe;jpUe;jJ. Mdhy; me;jg; G+kp ntq;fhaj;ij %bapUf;Fk; Njhy;Nghy; eLehafkhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W mDkhdpj;jhH.

mjidr; Rw;wp cUz;il tbthd ePH> mLj;J cUz;il tbthd fhw;W> mLj;J cUz;il tbtkhd jP> mLj;J cUz;il tbtkhd nrhHf;fk; ,Ug;gjhf mDkhdpj;;jhH. NkYk; jpz;ikahd nghUl;fs; nkd;ikahd nghUl;fis tpl Ntfkhf fPo;Nehf;fp tpOk; vd;Wk; nrhd;dhH. mjid ep&gpg;gjw;F xU ,wiftpl fy; Ntfkhf tpOfpwJ vd;W $wpdhH. ,it ve;j Muha;r;rpapd; mbg;gilapy; ,y;yhJ mDkhdj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;litahFk;. Mdhy; mup];Njhl;ly; nrhd;dJ ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;bd; eLg;gFjptiu vy;NyhuhYk; ek;gg;gl;lJ.

mup];Njhl;lypd; mDkhdj;ij Kjd; Kjy; XusT jpUj;jpatH fpNuf;f thdtpayhsH GtpapayhsH FNshba]; njhykp ( fp.gp.100-170) MthH. ,tUk; G+kpia mz;lj;jpd; ikaj;jpy; itj;jhH. Mdhy; #upad;> rdp> tpaho fpufq;fs; mjidr; Rw;wp tUtjhfr; nrhd;dhH. ,Ue;Jk; vjdhy; G+kpia fpufq;fs; Rw;wptUfpd;wd vd;gjw;F mtuhy; tpil fz;L gpbf;f Kbatpy;iy. mjw;fhd tpil mwptpayhsH epA+l;ld; <Hg;Gtpirgw;wpf; fz;L gpbf;F kl;Lk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

(epA+l;ld; jiyapy; mg;gps; gok; tpOe;jJjhd; mtiu <Hg;Gtpirgw;wpf; fz;L gpbf;f topNfhypaJ. mNj Neuk; aho;g;ghzj; jkpoH xUtH gidkuj;Jf;F fPNo Fe;jp ,Ue;jNghJ mtuJ jiyapy; gdk;gok; tpOe;jJ. epA+l;lidg;Nghy mtUf;Fk; clNd <Hg;Gtpirjhd; gdk;goj;ij G+kp Nehf;fp jdJ jiyapy; tpor; nra;jJ vd;w cz;ik gspr; rpl;lJ. Mdhy; ghtk; mtH. gdk;goj;jpd; "mb" gykhf ,Ue;jjhy; jdJ fz;Lgpbg;ig kw;wtHfSf;Fr; nrhy;YKd; Ms; "mTl;lhfp" tpl;lhH. ,J vdJ kfd; vdf;Fr; nrhy;ypaJ. NtW ahuhtJ ,e;j "tuyhw;iw" Nfs;tpg; gl;lJz;lh?)

mNj fhy fl;lj;jpy; tho;e;j ,e;jpaHfSf;Nfh> jkpoHfSf;Nfh cyfj;jpd; cUtk;> fly;fs; gw;wpa mwpT ,y;iy vd;Nw nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. ,e;J rka ,jpfhrq;fs;> Guhzq;fs; cyfk; jl;ilnad;Nw (eufhRud; G+kpiag; ghahfr; RUl;b flYf;F mbapy; xspj;jhd; mjid fpU\;z gukhj;kh tuhf mtjhuk; vLj;J mtdplk; ,Ue;J kPl;L te;jhH!) tHzpj;J vOjpd. fPNoO cyfk;> NkNyO cyfk; nkhj;jk; gjpdhd;F cyfq;fs; cz;nld;gJjhd; ,e;Jf;fspd; Gtpapay;gw;wpa "mwpthf" ,Ue;jJ.

MjpNr\d; vd;w ghk;Gjhd; ,e;jg; G+kpia jhq;fpf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W GuhzpfHfs; fw;gid nra;jhHfs;. me;j MjpNr\id ahH jhq;fpf; nfhz;L epw;fpwhHfs; vd;gij Guhzq;fs;> ,jpfhrq;fs; nrhy;ytpy;iy.

NkYk; #upad; fhiyapy; VO Fjpiufs; G+l;ba Njupy; fpof;Fj; jpirapy; ,Ue;J Gwg;gl;L khiyapy; Nkw;Fj; jpirapy; kiwe;J mLj;j ehs; kPz;Lk; fpof;Fj; jpirapy; ,Ue;J Gwg;gLfpwhH vd;Wjhd; ,e;jpaHfs;ek;gp ,Ue;jhHfs;.

NkYk; #upa> re;jpu fpufzq;fs; eilngWtijg; ghHj;J Kg;gj;J Kf;Nfhb NjtHfs;> fpd;duH> fpk;GUlH tho;fpd;w Gz;zpa G+kpapy; tho;e;jtHfs; muz;lhHfs;.

#upa> re;jpu fpufzq;fs; uhF> NfJ vd;w ghk;Gfs; re;jpuid gpbj;J tpOq;Ftjhy; Vw;gLtjhf ek;gpdhHfs;. mjdhy; fpufz fhyj;jpy; rikj;jhy; rhg;ghl;by; eQ;R fye;JtpLk; vd;W gae;jhHfs;. ,g;gbg; gae;J nrj;j tPLfspy; vdJ tPLk; xd;W.. ,g;NghJ my;y. gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH.

mJ kl;Lk; my;yhJ fly; flf;fg;glhJ vd;gJ ,e;Jf;fspd; ek;gpf;if. mjpYk; gpuhkzHfs; fly; flf;ff; $lhJ. fhuzk; fly; GdpjkhdJ. kfhj;kh fhe;jp ,yz;lDf;Fr; nrd;W gbf;fg; Gwg;gl;lNghJ itjPfHfsplk; ,Ue;J mjw;Fg; fLikahd vjpHg;G vOe;jJ.

vdNt ,e;jpaHfs; jiyfPohf epd;wpUe;jhYk; mnkupf;fhitf; fz;L gpbj;jpUf;f KbahJ! mjw;Fj; Njitahd Gtpapay;> thdtpay; mwpT mtHfsplk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

khwhf ,Rg;ghdpaH> NghHj;Jf;NfaH Nghd;NwhUf;F mjw;fhd Gtpapay; mwpT ,Ue;jJ. me;j mwpTf;Ff; fhy;Nfhs; ,l;ltHfs; fpNuf;fHfs; vd;gijj;jhd; NkNy ghHj;Njhk;.

njhykpapd; Gtpapay; Ehy; ,uz;L tifahf vOjg;gl;lJ. Kjy; tifapy; 26 ngupa gpuNjr tiu glq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. kw;wjpy; 64 rpwpa gpuNjr tiu glq;fSk; 4 ngupa tiu glq;fSk; ,Ue;jd. njhykp jhd; fPwpa cyfg; glj;jpy; (kf;fs; thOk; epyg;gug;G) INuhg;gh> Mgpupf;fh> Mrpahf; fz;lq;fspy; cs;s 1300 ,lq;fSk; mjd; eLf;NfhLfs; (latitudes )> epiuNfhLfs; ( longitudes) Rl;bf;fhl;lg; gl;bUe;jJ. njhykpapd; cyfg; glj;jpy; mNef jtWfs; ,Ue;jhYk; mtuJ fhyj;Jf;F mJngupa rhjidahFk;.

fpNuf;f mwptpayhsHfs; mtHfs; vj;Jiwiar; rhHe;jtHfshf ,Ue;jhYk; vy;NyhUk; nka;apyhsHfs; ( jj;Jtthjpfs;) vdg; nghJthf miof;fg;gl;ldH.

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fshd gj;Jg;ghl;L vl;Lj; njhif Ehy;fspy;> gj;Jg; ghl;by; FwpQ;rpg; ghl;ilg; ghba GytH fgpyuhtH. 261 mbfisf; nfhz;l ,g;ghly; FwpQ;rp xOf;fj;ijg; gw;wpaJ. Mupa murd; gpufj;jDf;Fj; njkpo;r; Ritia Cl;lf; fgpyH ,g;ghliyg; ghbdhH vd;gH. FwpQ;rp epyr; rpwg;Gg;gw;wpr; nrhy;Yk;NghJ me;j epyj;Jf;Fupa 99 kyHfspd; ngaHfis tupirahfr; nrhy;YfpwhH. mijg; ghHj;J ehk; kiyj;Jg; NghfpNwhk;.

Mdhy; fgpyupd; fhyj;Jf;F rw;W Ke;jp fpNuf;fj;jpy; tho;e;j jpNahgpu];j]; ( Theophrastus 370-288 BC ) vd;gtH Gfo;gilj;j nka;tpayhsH mup];Njhl;lypd; khztuhtH. ,tH

md;iwa fpNuf;f nka;tpsf;ftpay; (jj;Jtk;) tuthw;iw (,jpy; thdtpay;> cstpay;> ,aw;gpay; (ngsjPfk;)> kUj;Jtk; vy;yhk; mlq;Fk;) vOjpaNjhL jhtutpay;gw;wp ,uz;L Ehy;fis vOjpAs;shH. ""jhtu Muha;r;rp"" Historia Plantarum ("Plant-Researches") kw;Wk; ""jhtuapay;"" ( de Causis Plantarum ("Plant-Aetiology") vd;gNj me;j Ehy;fshFk;.

mtH jdJ Muha;r;rpf;F Vjd;]; efupy; mup];Njhl;lyhy; njhlf;fp itf;fg;gl;l kuj; Njhl;lq;fis njupe;njLj;jhH. mijtpl kfh mnyf;rhe;jupd; fPo;j;jpirg; gilnaLg;gpy; fye;J nfhz;L ehL jpUk;gpa NghHtPuHfsplKk; jhtuq;fisg;gw;wpf; Nfl;lwpe;jhH. jhtuapay;gw;wp Kiwahf> mtw;wpd; msT> Fzhk;rk;gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;L vOjpa Kjy; kdpjuhtH.

,Uz;l fhyk; fp.gp. 4k; -11k; Ehw;whz;L tiu njhlHe;jJ. mjd; gpd; fpNuf;fHfsJ mwptpay; gilg;Gf;fis> Fwpg;ghf fzpjk;> thdtpay; Jiwfs;> INuhg;gpa nkhopfspy; nkhopngaHj;J mtw;iwg; gbf;fj; njhlq;fpdhHfs;. fpNuf;fj;jpd; kpfg; Gfo;;gilj;j thdtpay; mwpthsH njhykp vOjpa ""Gtpapay;"" ("Geography") Ehy;jhd; nfhyk;grpd; gazj;Jf;F top tFj;jJ.

tpag;ngd;dntd;why; ,e;j nkhopngaHg;Gf;fis md;iwa fj;Njhypf;f fpwpj;jJt kjFUkhNu Kd;dpd;W nra;jhHfs;. njhykpapd; Gtpapay; Ehy; 12tJ Nghg; fpwnfupf;Fk;> 5tJ myf;rhd;jUf;Fk; fhzpf;if Mf;fg;gl;lJ. ,NjNghy; fpNuf;fj;jpd; fzpj Nkijahd MHf;fpkpb]; ( Archimedes) vOjpa Ehy;fis nkhopngaHg;gjw;F 5tJ epf;fy]; MjuT mspj;jhH. Nghg;ghz;ltUf;F mLj;j FU tFg;gpy; ,Ue;j ngrhupNahd; (Cardinal Bessarion) Vuhskhd fpNuf;f Ehy;fis Nrfupj;jhH. ,it fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ntdp]; (Venice)efupYs;s kWkyHr;rp Ehyfj;jpd; njhlf;fj;Jf;F mbfhyhf ,Ue;jd. (tsUk;)

fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu

xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......

jkpoupd; thdtpay; mwpT Nrhjplj;Jf;F kl;LNk gad;gl;lJ!

(34 )

njhlHe;J vOJtjw;F Kjy; "Kof;fk;" thrfHfSf;F xU ey;y (nfl;l?) nra;jpnahd;iwr; nrhy;yptpltpUk;GfpNwd;.

ehd; kPz;Lk; mLj;j fpoik fpA+ghTf;F gazk; nra;a ,Uf;fpNwd;. nrd;wKiw NghdNghJ fpA+ghitg; ghHj;Jtpl;L fdlh jpUk;gp xU gazf; fl;Liu vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;w jpl;ltl;lkhd vz;zk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mT];jpNuypahtpy; ehd;F khjq;fs; ,Ue;Jtpl;L ehL jpUk;gpaJk; ""cq;fs; gaz mDgtq;fis "Kof;fj;jpy;" vOJq;fNsd;"" vd;W mjd; ,izahrpupaH thdjp Nfl;lhH. ""vOj Mirjhd;. Neuq;fpilj;jhy; vOj Kaw;rpf;fpNwd;"" vd;W nrhd;Ndd;.

""mT];jpNuypa gazk;gw;wpj;jhd; vOjKbatpy;iy. rup fpA+ghgw;wpahtJ vOJNthk;"" vd;w vz;zj;jpy;fpA+gh nrd;W jpUk;gpaTld; ,e;jj; njhliu vOj Muk;gpj;Njd;.

gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH jkpo;ehL KOijAk; tlf;Nf jpUg;gjp njhlq;fp njw;Nf FkupKidtiu kfp*He;jpy; rupahf ,uz;L fpoik Rw;wpg; ghHj;Jtpl;L te;J mg;NghJ fupfhyid Mrpupauhff; nfhz;L ntspte;j "RlH" jpq;fs; ,jOf;F vdJ gaz mDgtq;fis ePz;l fl;Liuahf vOjpf; nfhLj;Njd;. ehd; ehl;by; ,y;yhjjhy; me;jf; fl;Liu ntspte;jjh ,y;iyah vd;gJ njupatpy;iy.

ehd; ,Jtiu Mapuj;Jf;Fk; mjpfkhd murpay;> ,yf;fpak;> rkak; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; fl;Liufs; vOjpAs;Nsd;. Mdhy; mit vJTk; ,e;jf; fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu thrfHfsplk; Njhw;Wtpj;j MHtj;ijj; Vidait Njhw;Wtpf;ifNghy; vdf;Fg; gLfpwJ.

vd;id Kd;gpd; njupahjtHfs;$l vd;id milahsk; fz;L nfhz;L ""fpA+ghtpy; vt;tsT ehl;fs; ,Ue;jPHfs;? gply; f];Nwhitr; re;jpj;jPHfsh?"" vd;W Nfl;fpwhHfs;.

,d;Dk; gyH ehd; mLj;jKiw fpA+ghtpw;Fg; NghFk;NghJ jq;fisAk; $l;bf; nry;YkhW Nfl;fpwhHfs;. Kbahtpl;lhy; vg;gbg; NghfpwJ vd;gijahtJ nrhy;Yq;fs; vdf; Nfl;fpwhHfs;.

Vw;fdNt "Kof;fk;" MrpupaH jpU> ,izahrpupaH thdjp ,UtUk; fpA+ghit Kbe;j kl;Lk; Rw;wpg; ghHj;Jtpl;Lj; jpUk;gptpl;lhHfs;. ""fpA+gh me;j khjpup ,Ue;jJ. ve;jg; gf;fk; ghHj;jhYk; gr;irg; gNry; vdf; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ"" vd;gJ mtHfs; ,UtuJk; Vfkdjhd jPHg;G!

fpA+ghtpw;Fg; gaz xOq;Fisr; nra;Ak; jkpo; KftHfs; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. fpA+gh Nghf tpUk;GtHfs; "Kof;fk;" MrpupaNuhL njhlHG nfhz;lhy; mtHfs; cq;fis Fwpg;gpl;l jkpo; KftHfSld; njhlHG Vw;gLj;jpj; jUthH.

,q;fpUe;J tre;jfhyj;jpy; my;yJ Nfhil fhyj;jpy; Ngha;tUk;NghJ gazf; fl;lzk; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.

1466 njhlf;fk; 1484 tiuapyhd Mz;LfSf;F 2tJ Nghg;ghz;ltH NghYf;fhf epf;fy]; n[HkhD]; ehl;fhb xd;iwj; jahupj;jhH. mjpy; 1473k; Mz;L Vg;uy; 26 ghjp #upa fpufzk; Vw;gLk; vd;Wk;> Nk khjk; 11 ghjp re;jpu fpufzk; Vw;gLk; vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

fhHbdy; ngrhupNahd; Mjupj;j mwpQuhd Nahdh]; nw[pNahnkhd;ld]; (Joannes Regiomontanus) njhykpapd; thdEhiyg; Jiwawf; fw;W mjid Kw;whfg; Gupe;J nfhz;l Kjy; INuhg;gpauhtH. ,tuJ fpNuf;f nkhopngaHg;Gf;fNs NfhngHdpr]; ( Copernicus) Nghd;w mwptpayhsHfSf;F 16k; Ehw;whz;by; thdtpay;gw;wp Kw;wpYk; Gjpa Gul;rpfu Nfhl;ghLfis Kd;itg;gjw;F topfhl;bahf ,Ue;jd. ,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; kj ek;gp;f;if> mwptpay; ,uz;Lk; ntt;Ntwhfg; ghHf;fg;glhJ xd;whfNt ghHf;fg;gLk; gz;ghL ,Ue;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

fpNuf;f nkhopapy; ,Ue;J jj;Jtk;> kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; mwptpay; Ehy;fis ,yj;jpd; nkhopf;F nkhopngaHj;jtHfspy; tpy;ypak; ( William of Moerbeke) vd;gtUk; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yf; $ba ,d;ndhU mwpQH. MHf;fpkPbrpd; ifnaOj;Jr; Rtbfs; midj;ijAk; ,tH nkhopngaHg;Gr; nra;jpUf;fpwhH. ,jpy; Ntbf;if vd;dntd;why; MHf;fpkPb]; vOjpa %y Ehy;fs; mope;njhopa nkhopngaHg;G Ehy;fs; jg;gpg; gpioj;jd.

,f;Fypl; (fp.K. 300) vOjpa %yg;nghUl;fs; ( Elements) vd;w Ehy; rpwg;G tha;e;jJ. ,d;ndhU fzpj tpw;gd;dH igj;Njhnfhw]; (Pythagoras). ,tHjhd; ehq;fs; gs;spapy; gbj;j igj;jhf;nfhwpad; #j;jpuj;jpd; je;ijahthH. xU nrq;Fj;jhd Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; ePsg;ghl;by; cs;s rJuj;jpd; gug;gsT mjd; vQ;rpa ,uz;L gf;fq;fspYk; cs;s rJuq;fspd; $l;Lj; njhiff;F rkk; vd;gij ,e;j #j;jpuk; vz;gpf;fpwJ.

gjpide;jhk; Ehw;whz;lstpy; ,g;NghJ eilKiwapy; cs;s ehl;fhl;bfs; ntsptuj; njhlq;fpd. #upad;> re;jpud; kw;Wk; fpufq;fspd; epiyfs; ( [hjfk; fzpg;gjw;F)> re;jpu #upa fpufzq;fs; Vw;gLk; ehSk; nghOJk; Fwpf;fg;gl;ld.

1466 njhlf;fk; 1484 tiuapyhd Mz;LfSf;F 2tJ Nghg;ghz;ltH NghYf;fhf epf;fy]; n[HkhD]; vd;gtH ehl;fhl;bfisj; jahupj;jhH. mjpy; 1473k; Mz;L Vg;uy; 26 ghjp #upa fpufzk; Vw;gLk; vd;Wk;> Nk khjk; 11 ghjp re;jpu fpufzk; Vw;gLk; vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

cyf ehfupfj;jpw;F fpNuf;fHfspd; gq;fspg;igg;gw;wp> mtHfsJ Nkyhz;ikgw;wp vLj;Jr; nrhy;yNt Nkw;$wpa juTfis njhl;Lf; fhl;bAs;Nsd;. mtHfsJ KOikahd gq;fspg;igg;gw;wp vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;why; Fiwe;jJ EhW Gj;jfq;fshtJ vOj Ntz;Lk;.

jkpoHfisg; nghWj;jstpy; rq;f fhyj; jkpoHfSf;Fj; njupe;jpUe;j thdpay;> fzpjk; gw;wpa rq;fjpfs; Guhz fhyj;Jj; jkpoHfsplk; ,y;yhky; my;yJ Fiwe;J Ngha;tpl;lJ.

rq;f fhyj; jkpoHfSf;F tpz;kPd;fs; gw;wpa mwpT ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. jpUkz ehis jpq;fSk; (re;jpud;) cNuhfpzpAk; $ba ey;y ehspy; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhHfs;. jpq;fspd; tsHr;rp Nja;T nfhz;L fzf;fpLk;; Kiwia njupe;J itj;jpUe;jhHfs;. vdNtjhd; khjj;ij jpq;fs; vd jkpoH mioj;jdH.

Mz;bid MW ngUk;nghOjhf fhH> $jpH> Kd;gdp> gpd;gdp> ,sNtdpy;> KJNtdpy; fhyq;fisg; gFj;jhHfs;. ehis itfiw> fhiy> ez;gfy;> Vw;ghL> khiy> ahkk; vd MW rpWnghOjhfg; gFj;jhHfs;. xU ehisf;F mWgJ ehopiffs; vdf; fzf;fpl;lhHfs;. xU ehspif vd;gJ 24 epkplq;fs;.

jhNk xsptplf; $bad ehz; kPd;fs; vd;Wk;> Qhapw;wpl;lkpUe;J fld;ngw;W xspHtd Nfhs; kPd;fs; vd;Wk; tifg; gLj;jpdhHfs;.

jkpopy; ,d;W fpilf;Fk; kpfg; gioikahd Ehy; njhy;fhg;gpak;. RkhH 2>500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH vOjg;gl;lJ. mjpy; mjd; MrpupaH njhy;fhg;gpaH capupdq;fis mtw;wpd; mwpT epiyf;Nfw;g MW ,dq;fshf tFj;J ciuf;fpwhH. mg;b tFj;jtH jdf;F Kd; tho;e;j GytH ngUkf;fs; vdTk; njhy;fhg;gpaH njuptpf;fpwhH.

""xd;W mwptJNt cw;W mwptJNt

,uz;L mwptJNt mjndhL ehNt

%d;W mwptJNt mtw;nwhL %f;Nf

ehd;F mwptJNt mtw;nwhL fz;Nz

Ie;J mwptJNt mtw;nwhL nrtpNa

MW mwptJNt mtw;nwhL nrtpNa

MW mwptJNt mtw;NwhL kdNd

Neupjpd; czHe;NjhH newpg;gLj;jpdNu.""

(njhy;. kugpay; -1526)

(clk;ghy; kl;Lk; mwptd XH mwpT capHfs;. clk;ghYk; ehthYk; mwptd ,uz;L mwpTapHfs;. clk;G> eh> %f;F %d;whYk; mwptd %mwp capHfs;. clk;G> eh> %f;F> fz;> ,it ehd;fhYk; mwptd ehywp capHfs;. clk;G> eh> %f;F> fz;> fhJ vd;Dk; Ie;jhy; mwptd Itwp capHfs;. clk;G> eh> %f;F> fz;> fhJ> kdk; ,e;j MNwhLk; mwptd Mwwp capHfs;. ,tw;iwj; njspthf czHe;NjhH newp Kiwahf czHj;jp cs;sdH.)

rq;ffhy thdpay; mwpT mjw;Fg; gpe;jpa fhyj;jpy; tsHe;jhfj; njupatpy;iy. ,Ue;j thdpay; mwpit itj;Jf; nfhz;L Nrhjplk; nrhy;y jkpoHfs; Kw;gl;lhHfs;. tpaho Njhrk;> rdp Njhrk;> nrt;tha; Njhrk; vd;W nrhy;yp kf;fis klikapy; Mo;j;jp mtHfsJ mbkbapy; fl;bapUe;j gzj;ij cUtr; NrhjplHfs;> mHr;rfHfs; Nrhjplf; fiyiag; gad;gLj;jpdhHfs;. ,g;NghJk; gad;gLj;jp tUfpwhHfs;.

vdJ ez;gH xUtH nkj;jg; gbj;jtH. mDgtrhyp. ntspAwT mikr;rpd; fPOs;s ntspehl;Lj; Jhjufq;fspy; ePz;lfhykhf Copak; nra;jtH. mtH jdJ kfSf;F 12y; nrt;tha; mjdhy; jpUkzg; Ngr;Rf;fs; js;Sg;gl;Lf; nfhz;L Nghfpd;wd vd;W ek;GfpwhH.

"",t;ts gbj;j ePq;fs; ,ijnay;yhk; ek;GfpwPHfsh? mJTk; kdpjFyk; 21k; Ehw;whz;by; fhyb vLj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; ,e;jf; fhy fl;lj;jpy;> kdpjd; re;jpudpy; fhy; gjpj;jJNghjhnjd;W nrt;tha;> rdp> tpaho fpufq;fspy; fhy; gjpf;f Kaw;rp nra;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;,e;j etPd cyfpy; nrt;tha; Njhrk; vd;W nrhy;yp ePq;fNs ghujpahH nrhy;tJNghy ""neQ;rpw; ftiy epjKk; gapuhf;fp> mQ;rpcapH tho;fpwPHfNs ,J mwpahik ,y;iyah?""

"" vdf;F ek;gpf;if ,y;iy! Mdhy; vdJ kidtp ek;GfpwhH! mtuJ jfg;gdhNu xU NrhjplH! mJTk;me;j ek;gpf;iff;F xU fhuzk;!""

ngz;fs; Nfhtpf;fhtpl;lhy; ,e;j ,lj;jpy; xU cz;ikiar; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. (tsUk;)

fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu

jkpoHfspd; nfl;bj;jdk; ,yf;fpaj;NjhL epd;W tpl;lJ!

(35 )

xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......

fpA+ghtpy; ,Ue;J jpUk;gp tpl;Nld;. ,k;Kiw fpA+ghtpd; tlgFjpapy; cs;s fah nfhf;Nfh ( Cayo Coco) vd;w rpW jPtpw;Fg; NghNdhk;. ,e;jj; jPtpd; gug;gsT 370 rJu fp.kPl;lH. fpA+ghtpd; ehd;fhtJ ngupa jPT. fpA+ghtpd; jiyepyj;jpy; (Mainland) ,Ue;J 17 fp. kP. njhiytpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. 1988k; Mz;L ,e;jj; jPit jiyepyj;NjhL ,izg;gjw;F mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuj;ij ClWj;J xU fw;rhiy Nghl;lhHfs;. Iahapuk; njhopyhsHfs; gjpide;J khjq;fs; cioj;J me;jr; rhiyia Nghl;L Kbj;jjhf topfhl;b nrhd;dhH.

me;jj; jPtpy; ahUk; FbapUf;ftpy;iy. jPtpd; xU Gwk; rJg;G epyk;. vq;Nf ghHj;jhYk; gw;iwf;fhL. fpA+ghit moFgLj;Jk; gidkuq;fs; ( palms) fhzg;gLfpd;wd. aho;g;ghzf; flw;fiuNahukhff; fhzg;gLk; mlk;gd;nfhb Vuhsk;. vq;fs; CH fUf;FUtp> kuf;nfhj;jp Nghd;w gwit ,dq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,e;jj; jPit tpyq;Fs;> gwitfs;> nrbnfhbfs; (fauna and flora) ,tw;wpd; ruzhyakhf itj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.

Mdhy; vq;fs; fz;fis nfhs;is nfhs;td gpskpq;Nfh (flamingo) vd;w gwitfs;. Kg;gjpdhapuj;Jf;Fk; mjpfkhd ,e;j ,sQ; rptg;G epwg; (pink) gwitfs; ,e;jj; jPtpd; moFf;F moF NrHf;fpd;wd. fhzf; fz;Nfhb Ntz;Lk;. fhl;Lg;gd;wpfs; ,Uf;fpd;wdthk;. ghHf;ff; xU Fiff;Ff; $l;bg; NghdhHfs;. Mdhy; xd;Wk; fz;Zf;Fj; njd;gltpy;iy.

,e;jj; jPtpd; rpwg;ngd;d? mjd; nts;isntNsH vd;w gj;J fp. kPl;lH Jhuk; nfhz;l flw;fiujhd;. vq;F ghHj;jhYk; ghy;Nghd;w nts;is kzy;. gspq;FNghd;w jz;zPH. fiuapy; ,Ue;J xU Ik;gJ kPl;lHJhuk; ,Lg;gsT jz;zPH. mjw;fg;ghy;jhd; flypd; Mok; mjpfupf;fpwJ. xU fpNyh kPl;lH JhuKs;s xUkug;ghyk; xd;iwAk; fl;bAs;shHfs;. Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; nghOJ Nghf;Ff;F mq;Nf Jhz;by; Nghl;L kPd; gpbf;fpwhHfs;.

Ntbf;if vd;dntd;why; ehq;fs; epd;w N`hl;lypd; mUfpy; cs;s mofhd flw;fiuiatpl ,d;Dk; crj;jpahd flw;fiu ,Ug;gjhff; $wp xU rpd;d njhlH tz;bapy; $l;bf; nfhz;L Ngha; mq;F Fspf;f Vw;ghL nra;jhHfs;. ,e;jf; flw;fiu ,d;Dk; mjpf moNfhL tpsq;fpaJ. cyfpy; ,g;gb moF nfhl;bf;fplf;Fk; jPTfs; kpff; Fiwthfj;jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,g;gbahd jPTfs; gy fpA+ghit mz;b ,Uf;fpd;wd. nkhj;jk; ehyhapuj;J Ehw;W njhz;Zhw;W Ie;J jPTfs; fpA+ghtpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhf ,Uf;fpwnjd;W topfhl;b nrhd;dNghJtha; gpse;J NghNdhk;. mij ek;g KbahkYk; ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy; topfhl;b ngha; nrhy;tjhff; fUj ,lkpy;iy.

,e;jj; jPTfspy; gj;Jg; gd;dpuz;il tpiy nfhLj;J thq;fp jkpoPoj;Jf;F ,Oj;Jf; nfhz;Lte;jhy; vd;d vd;W vd; kdk; mq;fyha;j;jJ. jkpoPoj;jpd; Rw;Wyhj;Jiwf;F epuk;g gad; cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. gRtpf; rKj;jpuj;jpy; jPT thq;ff; fpsk;gpatHfs; ,ijapl;L Nahrpj;jhy; ey;yJ.

,e;jthl;b tlf;fpy; ntuNlwhtpw;F fpof;Nf cs;s Nkhwd; (Moron)) vd;w efupy; ,Ue;J 360 fp. kPl;lH Jhuj;jpy; vjpHg;Gwkhf ,Uf;Fk; jpwpdhl; (Trinidad) efiur; Rw;wpg; ghHj;Njhk;. jpwpdhl; fpA+ghtpd; %d;whtJ ngupa efuk;.

NghFk; rhiyapd; ,U kuq;fpYk; khwp khwp fUk;Gj; Njhl;lk;> khkuj; Njhl;lk;> thioj; Njhl;lk;> Njhlk;goj; Njhl;lk; Nghd;wit iky;fzf;fpy; ePz;L fple;jd. ,itgw;wp gpd;dH vOJNtd;.

ehd; Kd;dH nrhd;dJNghy fpA+ghtpw;F Nghf tpUk;GtHfs; ,g;NghJNghdhy; fl;lzk; kpff; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. NghfpwtHfs; gpd;tUk; nrhw;fis nel;LUg; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L NghtJ gy topfspYk; cjtpahf,Uf;Fk;.

N`hl;ly; CopaHfisAk;> cs;@H thrpfisAk; ,Rg;ghdpa nkhopapy; tho;j;jpdhy; mtHfs; cr;rp FspHe;;JNghthHfs;.

English

Hello

Good day/Good morning

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How are you?

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Do you speak English/French?

Please

Thank you

You are welcome

Yes/no

Where is ...?

Pardon me

I don’t understand

Currency exchange

I want...

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Postage stamp

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Yo quiero

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Caliente/frio

Bario

Habitacion

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Playa
Autobus

Estampilla/sello

Medico

,dpf; ,f; fl;Liuj; njhliu tpl;l ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J njhlHfpNwd;. jkpo;r; rKjhak; ngz;fis mlf;fpxLf;fp mtHfisf; Nfhiofshf> jd;dk;gpf;if mw;wtHfshf> nghUshjhu jsj;jpy; Mz;fis ek;gp my;yJ mz;b tho;gtHfshf tsHj;J vLj;J tpl;lJ. ,jdhy; %lek;gpf;if vd;W tUk;NghJ ngz;fsplNk mJ mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpJ.

jkpoPoj;jpy; ,e;j epyik ,d;W khwptUfpwJ. gpughfud; vd;w xU vOQhapW fPo;thdj;jpy; cjpj;j gpd;dH ghujp fdT fz;l "" epkpHe;j ed;dil NeHnfhz;l ghHitAk; epyj;jpy; ahHf;Fk; mQ;rhj newpfSk;> jpkpHe;j Qhdr; nrUf;Fk;"" epiwe;j GJikg; ngz;fs; Njhd;wpapUf;fpwhHfs;> mfg;ig Ve;jpa iffs; ,d;W VNf 47 Jg;ghf;fpfis Jhf;fpAs;sd.

Mdhy; nghJthf jkpo;g; ngz;fs; r%f khw;wj;ij vjpHnfhs;sj; jaq;FfpwhHfs;. ehs;> el;rj;jpuk;> G+ir> GdHf;fhuk; kw;Wk; Nfhapy; Fsk; vd;W tUk;NghJ Mz;fistpl ngz;fNs mtw;iwf; nfl;bahff; fl;bg; gpbj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhHfs;.

vdf;Fj; njupe;j ez;gH xUtupd; JiztpahH fpl;lj;jl;l tUlk; 365 ehSk; tpujk; ,Ug;ghH. ,g;gb jz;zPH cztpd;wp tpujk; ,Ue;jjhy; mtUf;F Flypy; Gz; (ulcer) te;Jtpl;lJ.

,g;gbr; nrhy;tjhy; tpujk; ,Ug;gJ jtW mjpy; gydpy;iy vd;W ehd; nrhy;tjhf ahUk; fUjptplf;$lhJ. tpujk; ,Ug;gJ cly; eyj;jpw;F ey;yJ. Mdhy; mijg; Gj;jprhypj;jdkhf kUj;JtuJ MNyhridAld; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

tpujk; ,Ug;gtHfs; nfhQ;rk; nrhQ;rkhf czitf; Fiwj;J kPz;Lk; rpwpJ rpwpjhf czitf; $l;l Ntz;Lk;. jz;zPH Fbg;gij ve;jf; fl;lj;jpYk; epWj;jf; $lhJ. Mdhy; eilKiwapy; ehk; fhz;gJ ,e;j tpjpf;F NeHkhwhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

mkthir my;yJ gTHzkpf;F xU ehs; tpujk; ,Ug;gtHfs; czit fhiyapy; jpBnud epWj;JfpwhHfs;. Mdhy; kj;jpahdk; tpujj;ij Kbf;Fk;NghJ tof;fkhf ,uz;L fwpNahL rhg;gpLfpw tpujfhuH gj;Jtpjf; fwpNahL rhg;gpl;L fhiy jtpHj;j czitAk; NrHj;J rhg;gpl;L tpLfpwhHfs;.

,jdhy;jhd; NghYk; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rd;djp> ey;YhHj; jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspy; re;ijapy; fha;fwp tpiy ,wq;Ftjw;Fg; gjpy;t tpz;Zf;Fk; KfpYf;Fk; VwptpLfpwJ!

ierPupahtpy; Copak; nra;j fhyj;jpy; ,];yhkpaHfsJ uhk;rhd; Nehd;gpd;NghJ fha;fwp kl;Lky;y ,iwr;rpapd; tpiyAk; VwptpLk;! gfy; KOJk; ckpup$l tpOq;fhJ Nehd;G mDl;bf;Fk; Nehd;Gf;fhuHfs; #upad; kiwe;j gpd;dUk;> mLj;j ehs; fhiy #upad; cjpf;Fk; Kd;Gk; KbA kl;Lk; rhg;gpl;L tpLfpwhHfs;! ,jw;Fg; ngaH Nehd;G vd;gjpy; vdf;F cld;ghby;iy. Mdhy; mtHfs; me;j Nehd;gpy; nfhz;Ls;s ek;gpf;ifia nkr;RfpNwd;.

ey;y fhyk; ehd; Kd;dH Fwpg;gpl;l ez;gupd; kfSf;F 12y; nrt;tha;. 8y; nrt;tha; vd;why; ,d;ndhU vl;Lr; nrt;thAs;s khg;gps;isiaj; Njbf; fz;L gpbf;f mtUf;F xU lrpd; nrUg;Gf;fs; Nja;e;jpUf;Fk;!

fpNuf;fiug; Nghy thdtpaiy xU ,ayhf tsHj;njLf;f jkpoHfs; jtwptpl;lhHfs;. thdtpaiyg;gw;wp tpupthd Ehy;fs; vJTk; jkpoHfs; vOjpajhfj; njupatpy;iy. gs;spf;$lq;fs;> gy;fiyf; fofq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw cUthfpajw;Fr; rhd;wpy;iy. ngUk;ghYk; kUj;Jtk;> thdtpay; Nghd;w Jiwfs; ghuk;gupa FLk;gr; nrhj;jhf ,Ue;jjhfj; njupfpwJ. jkpoHfs; gpw ,dj;jtHfSf;F mbikg;gl;l NghJ ,itgw;wpa VLk;gbg;Gk; Nghw;wg;glhj fhuzq;fshy; mit mope;J Nghapd.

jkpoHfsJ nfl;bj;jdk; ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fz> ,ir> gpw;fhyj;jpy; fl;blf; fiy ,tw;NwhL epd;W tpl;ld.khwhf ,Rg;ghdpaH> NghHj;Jf;NfaH Nghd;NwhUf;F mjw;fhd Gtpapay;>thdtpay; mwpT ,Ue;jJ. me;j mwpTf;Ff; fhy;Nfhs; ,l;ltHfs; fpNuf;fHfs;. fpNuf;fHfspd; nkhopngaHg;Gf;fisg; gbj;j ,j;jhypaH> n[HkhdpaH> Mq;fpNyaH NkYk; Muha;r;rpapy; <Lgl;L jq;fs; mwpit tsHj;Jf; nfhz;lhHfs;.

Mq;fpyj;jpy; mwpTjhd; rf;jp (Knowledge is power) vd;w nghd;nkhop ,Uf;fpwJ. ehk; ,d;iwa cyf ehLfsJ murpay;-nghUshjhu mikg;igf; $He;J ftdpj;jhy; mwptpaypy; Kd;Ndwp cs;s ehLfs;jhd; nghUshjhuj; jsj;jpy; nfhbfl;bg; gwf;fpd;wd. (tsUk;)

fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu

mwptpay; cyfj;ij MSfpwJ!

(36 )

xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......

mnkupf;fh> ag;ghd;> n[Hkdp Nghd;w ehLfs; tpaj;jf nghUshjhu tsHr;rpiaf; fz;Lnfhz;Ls;sjw;F mwptpaiy me;j ehLfs; trg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJjhd; mbg;gilf; fhuzk;.

mnkupf;fhtpd; nghUshjhu tsHr;rpf;F mjd; %ytsq;fs;jhd; fhuzk; vd;W rpyH nrhy;yf;$Lk;. Mdhy; ag;ghid vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. me;j ehL %y tsq;fs; Fiwe;j xU rpwpa ehL. xU fpNyh ,Uk;igf;$l Njhz;b vLf;f KbahjthW fdpg;nghUs; tsk; ,y;yhj ehL. Mdhy; me;j ehLjhd; ghupa fg;gy;fs;> tz;bfs; Nghd;wtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; cyfpy; ,d;W Kd;dzpapy; epw;fpwJ.

mjpf Jhuk; NghthNdd;. A+jHfspd; nghUs; tsj;ijtpl mtHfsJ %is tse;jhd; me;j ehL ,d;W kj;jpa Mrpahtpy; xU Fl;b ty;yurhf jpfo itj;jpUf;fpwJ. ,];Nuyplk; ,Ue;J ,e;jpah> rPdh Nghd;w ehLfs; mjp etPd ,uhZt jsghlq;fis gyNfhb nlhyHfs; nfhLj;J thq;Ffpd;wd.

,e;jpah> ghfp];jhdpy; ,Ue;J jPtputhjpfs; f\;kPUf;Fs; CLUtijj; jLf;f ghfp];jhd; - f\;kPH ,uz;ilAk; gpupf;Fk; midj;Jyf vy;iyNahukhf xU ,uhZt Ntypia milf;fpwJ. ,e;j njhopy; El;gj;ij ,e;jpah ,];Nuyplk; ,Ue;Jjhd; ngUe;njhifg; gzk; nfhLj;J thq;fpAs;sJ.

=yq;fh flw;gilAk;> tpkhdg; gilAk; KiwNa ,];Nuypa jahupg;Gf;fshd Nlhuh mjpNtfg; glFfshYk;> fpgPH Fz;L tPr;R tpkhdq;fshYk; epug;gg;gl;Ls;sJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.

kf;fs; rKjhak; mwpTs;sjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij gy Ehw;whz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu mt;itahH (rq;ffhy mt;itahH my;y. ,tH ,d;ndhU mt;itahH) nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhH.

"",dpaJ Nfl;fpd; jdpneL NtNyha;!

,dpJ ,dpJ Vfhe;jk; ,dpJ>

mjdpDk; ,dpJ Mjpiaj; njhOjy;>

mjdpDk; ,dpJ mwptpdHr; NrHjy;>

mjdpDk; ,dpJ mwpTs;shiuf;

fdtpYk; edtpYk; fhz;gJ jhNd!

(jdpg;ghly; jpul;L)

xg;gw;w Ntiy MAjkhf cilatNd!

,d;gj;ijj; jUtJ ahnjdf; Nfl;lhy;?

,dpatw;Ws; vy;yhk; ,dpikiaj; jUtJ

kw;wtuJ njhe;juT ,y;yhky; jdpikahf ,Ug;gjhFk;.

mijtpl ,dpikahdJ

vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Kjw; fhuzkhfpa flTis tzq;FtjhFk;.

mijtpl ,dpikiaj; jUtJ

mwpTilahHfisr; NrHe;J ,d;gk; mDgtpj;jyhk;.

mijtpl ,dpikiaj; jUtJ

mwpQiuf; fdtpYk; edtpYk; fhz;gjhFk;!

flTisj; njhOtijtpl> mwpTilahsHfisr; NrHe;J ,Uf;Fk; ,d;gk; mijtpl ,dpikahdJ> mtHfisf; fdtpYk; edtpYk; fhz;gJ mijtpl ,dpikahdJ vd;W mt;itahH $WtJ <z;L ftdpf;fj; jf;fJ. Mdhy; ,e;j mwpTiu ahH nrtpapYk; tpOe;jjhfj; njupatpy;iy.

nfhyk;g]; Nghd;w flNyhbfs; gj;jhapuk; iky; ePsKs;s mj;jpyhe;jpr; rKj;jpuj;ij jhz;b fpA+gh Nghd;w Nkw;fpe;jpa jPTfisAk; njd;-tl mnkupf;f fz;lq;fisAk; fz;Lgpbj;J mtw;iw ,Rg;ghdpa> NghHj;Jf;fy;> gpupj;jhdpah Nghd;w NguuNrhL ,izf;f Kbe;jnjd;why; mjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzp me;j ehLfs; mwptpaypy; Kd;dzp tfpj;jhFk;. Fwpg;ghf thdtpay;> Gtpay; gw;wpa mwptpay; Jiwfspy; me;j ehLfs; Kd;Ndwp ,Ue;jd.

,g;gb ehL gpbf;fte;j epyf; nfhs;isf;fhuHfis G+HtPf kf;fshy; vjpHj;J ntw;wpnfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. fhuzk; mtHfsJ mk;Gk; tpy;Yk;> thSk; <l;bAk; gPuq;fpf;Fk; Jg;ghf;fpf;Fk; vjpuhf epd;W gpbf;f Kbatpy;iy.

aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;ijg; gpbf;f NghHj;Jf;NfaH; ePz;l fhyk; NghuhbdhHfs;. ,yq;ifapy; 1505k; Mz;L fhyb gjpj;j NghHj;Jf;NfaH 1619k; Mz;Ljhd; aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;ij ifg;gw;w Kbe;jJ. mjw;F Ke;jpa NghHj;Jf;NfauJ gilnaLg;Gf;fs; Njhy;tp fz;ld. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;ij Mz;ljkpo; kd;dHfs; fhl;ba msg;gupa tPukhFk;. ,Ue;Jk; Kbtpy; thSf;Fk; gPuq;fpf;Fk;> mwptpaypy; gpd;jq;fpa ehl;Lf;Fk; mwptpaypy; Kd;NdwpapUe;j ehl;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; ele;j Nghupy;> ths; Njhw;wJ. gPuq;fp ntd;wJ.

gjpNdohk; gjpndl;lhk; Ehw;whz;Lfspy; Nkw;F INuhg;ghtpy; fpof;fhrpahNthL thzpfk; nra;tjw;fhf gytzpf epWtdq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. NghHj;Jf;Nfa flNyhbahd t];nfh l fhk (Vasco da Gama) 1497y; jd;dk;gpf;if Kidiaf; (Cape of Good Hope) fz;Lgpbj;J ,e;jpah nrd;wile;jJ njupe;jNj. mjidj; njhlHe;J gy thzpf mikg;Gf;fs; Njhd;wpd. mjd; tsHr;rpNa gpd;dH fpof;F ,e;jpa fk;gdp (East India Company) ldp\; fpof;F ,e;jpa fk;gdp (Danish East India Company),
lr;R fpof;F ,e;jpa fk;gdp ( Dutch East India Company)
Nghd;w thzpf epWtdq;fs; Njhw;wk; nfhs;s toptFj;jd. ,e;j epWtdq;fSf;F me;je;j ehLfsJ muRfs; gl;laq;fs; ( Charters ) toq;fpd.
,e;j epWtdq;fSf;F mur MjuT ,Ue;jNjhL gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gLj;jTk;> muR mikf;fTk;> rl;lq;fs; nra;aTk;> ehzaq;fis ntspaplTk;> Aj;jj;jpy; <LglTk;> ePjp gupghydk; nra;aTk; mjpfhuq;fs; mspf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j thzpf epWtdq;fspy; xd;whd fpof;F ,e;jpa fk;gdpjhd; Kg;gj;J Kf;Nfhb NjtHfs; thOk; "Gz;zpa G+kpahd" ,e;jpahitf; ifg;gw;wp xU Filapd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jJ.

,e;jpah> ,yq;if Nghd;w ehLfs; gpupj;jhdpahtpw;F mbikg;gl;ljw;F gpupj;jhdpahtpd; flw;gil typAk; mJ ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpy; nrYj;jpa Mjpf;fKk; fhuzkhFk;.

RUf;fkhfr; nrhd;dhy; mwptpaypy; Kd;Ndwpa ehLfs; mwptpaypy; gpd;jq;fpa ehLfs; kPJ Nkyhz;ik nrYj;jpd. cyf tuyhw;iw Cd;wpg; gbg;gtHfs; ,e;j cz;ikia czHe;J nfhs;syhk;.

,d;W Kd;dHNghy; Nkw;F ehLfs; epyg; gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;Wtjpy;iy. kf;fis mbikg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. mjw;F ,d;W mtrpaKk; ,y;iy. ,e;j ehLfs; ,g;NghJ vd;d nra;fpd;wdntd;why; jq;fs; nghUshjhu gyj;ij %yjdkhf itj;Jf; nfhz;L gpd;jq;fpa ehLfisAk;> tsHKf ehLfisAk; Ruz;bg; gpiof;fpd;wd. cyf tq;fp> midj;Jyf ehza epjpak; ( International Monetary Fund), cyf thzpf mikg;G (World Trade Organization), gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fs; (Multi National Companies) epjpAjtp> njhopy;El;g cjtp nra;fpNwhk; vd;w rhl;by; ,e;jr; Ruz;liy NjhypUf;f Ris gpLq;ftJNghy fdfr;rpjkhf nra;J tUfpd;wd.

ehisa jkpoPok; mwptpay; jsj;jpy; ,];NuYf;F xg;g jiy epkpHe;J epw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;why; jkpopdk; mwptpaYf;F Kf;fpa ,lk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. fy;YhupfspYk;> gy;fiyf; fofq;fspYk; jkpo; khztHfs; nghwpapay;> fzdp Nghd;w mwptpay; gbg;gpy; Kd;dzpapy; epw;fpwhHfs; vd;w nra;jp kfpo;r;rp jUtjhf ,Ue;jhYk; mtHfs; Gjpadtw;iwf; fz;L gpbf;Fk; mwptpay; fyhrhuj;ijAk; (scientific tempo) tsHj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

gy;fiyf; fofq;fspy; gl;lg; gbg;ig Kbj;Jtpl;L ey;y Cjpaj;jpy; kw;wtHfSf;F iffl;b Copak; nra;ahky; nrhe;jkhf njhopw; $lq;fis Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fis fz;L gpbj;J ,yl;rhjpgjpfshf> NfhBRtuHfshf cau Ntz;Lk;.

fzdpj; Jiwapy; jfty; njhopy; El;g (Information Technology) epWtdq;fis Muk;gpj;j gyH ,d;W NfhBRtuHfshf caHe;Js;shHfs;. ,jpy; ,UgJ taJf;F cl;gl;l ,isQHfSk; mlq;FtH.

fle;j 50 Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf Nkw;F ehLfspy; FbNawpa jkpoHfspy; ahUk; NfhBRtuHfshf Ntz;lhk; ,yl;rhjpgjpfshff; $l caHe;jjhfj; njupatpy;iy. A+jHfisg;Nghy ehKk; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; jkpoPog; Nghuhl;lk; vg;NghNjh ntw;wpfukhf Kw;Wg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

jkpoHfspd; tuyhw;wpy; ,bag;g cuy;> Gl;Lf;Foy; Nghd;w fUtpfisf; fz;L gpbj;J ePuhtpapy;,bag;gk;> Gl;L mtpj;Jr; rhg;gplf; fw;Wf; nfhz;lhHfNs jtpu mjw;F Nky; ve;jr; rhjidAk; mtHfs; <l;ltpy;iy. ,J xU frg;ghd cz;ik.

jkpoHfspd; rpe;jidapy; xU ngupa mwptpay; Gul;rp Vw;gl Ntz;Lk;> mtHfs; cyfk; eLq;f tUk; fg;gy;fs; nra;a Ntz;Lk;;> thidasf;f Ntz;Lk;> re;jpukz;lyj;jpd; ,ay;igf; fz;L njspa Ntz;Lk; vd xU Ehwhz;Lf;F Kd;dNu kfhftp ghujpahH tw;GWj;jpdhH. NkYk; ""fdT nka;g;gl Ntz;Lk; iftrkhtJ tpiutpy; Ntz;Lk;..... kz;gaDw Ntz;Lk; thdfk; ,q;F njd;gl Ntz;Lk;"" vd;W Mirg;gl;lhH.

""fhrp efHg;GytH NgRk; ciu jhd;

fhQ;rpapy; Nfl;gjw;NfhH fUtpnra; Nthk;

.................................................................

MAjk; nra;Nthk; ey;y fhfpjk; nra;Nthk;

Miyfs;itg; Nghk; fy;tpr; rhiyfs; itg;Nghk;

.............................................................................

eilAk; gwg;GKzH tz;bfs;nra; Nthk;

Qhyk; eLq;ftUk; fg;gy;fs; nra;Nthk;

ke;jpuk;fw; Nghk; je;jpuk;fw; Nghk;

thidasg; Nghk;fly; kPidasg;Nghk;

re;jpukz; lyj;jpay; fz;Lnjsp Nthk;

re;jpnjUngUf;Fk; rhj;jpuk; fw;Nghk;.""

"fhrp efHg; GytH NgRk; ciujhd; fhQ;rpapy; Nfl;gjw;NfhH fUtp nra;Nthk;" vd;W ghujpahH nrhd;dJ jkpoH fhjpy; tpotpy;iy. vq;Nfh ,j;jhypapy; ,Ue;j khHf;Nfhdpapd; ( Guglielmo Marconi ) fhjpy; tpOe;jJ. mtH thndhypiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jhH. (tsUk;)

fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu

mz;lntspf;Fg; gha;e;j ,e;jpahtpd; VTfiz!

(37 )

xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.......

khHf;Nfhdp vd;w mwptpayhsNu 1895k; Mz;L Kjd; Kjyhf xU fUtp nra;J mjd; %ykhf kpd;rhu rkpf;iffis fhw;W kz;lyj;jpd; Clhf gug;Gjy; (transmit) nra;jhH. Kjypy; jdJ tPl;bd; xU Gwj;jpy; ,Ue;J kWGwk;. gpd;dH jdJ tPl;by; ,Ue;J Njhl;lj;jpw;F gug;Gjy; nra;jhH.

,e;jr; NrhjidfNs fk;gpapy;yhj; je;jp kw;Wk; thndhyp xypgug;Gf;Ff; fhy;Nfhs; ,l;lJ. ,e;jf; fz;L gpbg;Gf;F gy ehLfisr; NrHe;j gy mwptpayhsHfs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. ,Ue;Jk; khHf;Nfhdpjhd;thndhypiaf; fz;L gpbj;jtH vd;w ngUikf;F cupatuhff; fUjg;gLfpwhH.

ghujpahH gpwe;j jpfjp 11-12-1882. kiwe;j ehs; 11-09-1921. vdNt mtH fhyj;jpNyNa ththdhyp fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;L tpl;lJ. Mdhy; ngupastpy; mJ nghJkf;fs; gad;ghl;Lf;F tutpy;iy.

gpgprp xypgug;G 1923k; Mz;L ij 18k; ehs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ ghujpahupd; kiwTf;Fg; gpd;dH ,uz;lhz;Lfs; fopj;J.

""Qhyk; eLq;ftUk; fg;gy;fs; nra;Nthk;""

""thidasg; Nghk;fly; kPidasg;Nghk;""

""re;jpukz; lyj;jpay; fz;Lnjsp Nthk;""

vd;w ghujpahupd; fdTfis Nkw;F ehl;L mwptpayhsHfs;jhd; edthf;fpdhHfs;.

ehd; Kd;dH xUKiw $wpaJ Nghy ""gpj;jh gpiw#bg; ngUkhNd ePaUs;tha;"" vd;W ehk; Njthuk; ghbf;nfhz;bUf;f mnkupf;f mwptpayhsHfs; kdpjidNa re;jpukz;lyj;jpy; ,wf;fp rhjid gilj;jhHfs;!

""Mapuk; Ntjk; mwpTnthd;Nw nja;tKz;lhnkdy; NfsPNuh?"" vd kfhftp ghujpahH

Nfl;gJ ahH fhjpYk; tpOtjhf ,y;iy.

,jw;Ff; fhuzk; ""nrj;jgpwF rptNyhfk; itFe;jk; NrHe;jplyh nkd;Nw vz;zpg; gpj;j kdpjH"" ,Ug;gJjhd;> ''mtHfs; nrhYQ; rhj;jpuk; NgAiuahk;'' vd;W fbe;JiufpwhH ghujpahH.

,g;gbr; nrhy;tjhy; ghujpahH ehj;jpfk; NgRtjhf ahUk; nghUs; nfhs;sf;$lhJ. mg;gbf; nfhs;tjhdhy;ehad;khHfSk;> rpj;jHfSk;> Fd;wf;Fb mbfshUk; ehj;jPfk; NgRtjhff; nfhs;s Ntz;b Vw;gLk;.

"" ,d;W rpthyaq;fspy; nra;ag;Lk; mgpN\fq;fis rptd; Vw;Wf; nfhs;thuh? mtUf;F mgpN\fk; Ntz;b cs;sjh? gupRj;jkhf vd;nwd;Wk; tpsq;Fk; rptDf;F mgpN\fk; nra;jy; Ntbf;ifahfTk;> tprpj;jpukhfTk; cs;sJ. Nfhapypy; cs;s tpf;fpufq;fSf;F mOf;Fg; gpbj;jy; $Lk;. Vnddpy; Mya tpf;fpufq;fs; mOf;Fg; gpbf;ff; $ba gQ;rG+j nghUl;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sikahFk;. mt;thW nra;ag;gl;l tpf;fpufq;fSf;Fg; ghYk;> japUk;> nea;Ak;> NjDk; nfhz;L mgpN\fk; nra;tjdhy; NkYk; mOf;F Vw VJthfpwJ.

""mjdhy; Mya Rw;whlYk; khRgl;L JHehw;wk; tPRtijAk; gy Myaq;fspy; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. vj;jidNah Viog;gps;isfSf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; cjtf;$ba rj;Js;s czTg; nghUis mgpN\fk; nra;J tPz; tpuak; nra;tJ jHkkhFkh? irt ePjpahFkh? ""

,g;gb ehd; Nfl;gjhf ahUk; KbTfl;btplf; $lhJ. Nkw;fz;l mwpTG+Htkhd rpe;jidf;F cupatH irt ed;kzp eh. nry;yg;gh mtHfs; MthH. ""rhjidf;Fupa irt Njhj;jpuKk; rhj;jpuKk;"" vd;w Ehypy; Nkw; fz;lthW vOjpAs;shH. ,e;jg; Gj;jfj;ij ntspapl;ltHfs; cyf irtg; Nguit (,yq;iff; fpis).

mwptpaiyg;gw;wp ehd; ,t;tsT Jhuk; tw;GWj;jpf; $Wtjw;Ff; fhuzk; ,d;W$l jkpoHfs; mwptpaYf;F cupa ,lk; nfhLg;gjpy;iy. ,q;F Gyk;ngaHe;j ,uz;L ,yl;rk; jkpoHfs; gj;jhz;Lfspy; ,uz;L lrpd; Nfhapy;fis cUthf;fp ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. ,jdhy; jkpo; rKjhaj;jpd; Neuk;> fhyk;> epidg;G> nghUs; tPzbf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

jkpo;kfs; mt;it ""Nfhapy; ,y;yh Cupy; FbapUf;f Ntz;lhk;"" vd;Wjhd; $wpapUf;fpwhH. ""Nfhapy;,y;yhj; njUtpy; FbapUf;f Ntz;lhk;"" vd;W nrhy;ytpy;iy.

cyf mwptpay; muq;fpy; ,e;jpah jiy epkpHe;J epw;FkhW ,e;jpa mwptpayhsHfs; Kjd; Kiwahf jq;fsJ nrhe;j Kaw;rpapy; GSLV (Geo Synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) vd;w VTfizia ntw;wpfukhf tpz;ntspf;F Vtp rhjid gilj;Js;shHfs;. ,jd; %yk; ,e;jr; rhjidia <l;ba cyf ehLfs; tupirapy; 6tJ ,lj;ij ,e;jpah gpbj;Js;sJ. ,g;NghJjhd; ,e;jpahtpw;Fey;yfhyk; gpwe;jpUf;fpwJ.

fle;j khHr;R khjk; 28k; ehs; ,e;j VTfiz tpz;zpy; ghaj; jahuha; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; VTfizapd; mbg;ghfj;jpy; cs;s ehd;F ae;jpuq;fspy; xd;wpy; Vw;gl;l NfhshW fhuzkhf VTjy; ,il epWj;jg;gl;lJ. xU ae;jpuj;jpy; Nfhshnwd;whYk; mJ VTfiz NkNy gha;tjw;F Ntz;ba ce;J rf;jpiag; ghjpj;jJ. ""Nkw;nfhz;L ve;jr; nraYk; nra;a Ntz;lhk;"" vd;W ""ghJfhg;G fzdp"" vr;rupf;if tpLj;jJ.

Kjy; Kaw;rp jilgl;l NghJ ,e;jpa mwptpayhsHfSf;F ngupa Vkhw;wkhf ,Ue;jJ. midj;J mwptpayhsHfSk; mjpHr;rp mile;jhHfs;. gpd;dH NfhshWf;F cl;gl;l ae;jpuk; khw;wg;gl;L Gjpa ae;jpuk; nghUj;jg;gl;lJ.

VTfiz %d;W fl;lkhf tpz;zpy; Vtg;gLfpwJ. Kjy; fl;lk; ( G+kpf;F 72 fp. kP. cauj;jpy;) 100 nehbfs; (seconds) vupfpwJ. ,uz;lhtJ fl;lk; (127 fp. kP. cauj;jpy;) 1.6 nehbfs; vupfpwJ. Nfe;jpukhd filrpf; fl;lk;150 nehbfs; vupfpwJ.

,e;jpahtpd; ,e;j ,khya rhjidf;Fg; gpd;dhy; Ehw;Wf;fzf;fhd mwptpayhsHfspd; xUq;fpize;j Kaw;rp ,Ue;jNghjpYk; mjpy; ,uz;L jkpoHfdJ gq;fspg;G Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yf;$baJ. xUtH ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rpf; fofj;jpd; jitH jpU. Nf. f];Jhupuq;fd;. kw;wtH Jhj;Jf;Fb khtl;lk; Nfhtpy;gl;b mUNfAs;s ehyhl;bdf; GJhH thrpahd MH. ngUkhs;. ,tuJ ngw;NwhH rhjhuz tptrha FLk;gj;ij NrHe;jtHfs;.

,e;j ,uz;L jkpowptpayhsHfsJ gq;fspg;Gg;gw;wp cyfk;tho; jkpoHfs; epr;rak; ngUikg;gl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;.

fle;j Gjd; khiy rupahf 3.45 kzpf;F ,e;j VTfiz =`upNfhl;lh (Me;jpu khepyk;) VT jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J Vtg;gl;lJ. ,e;j VTfiz [p.rhl; -1 vd;w Nrhjid nraw;iff; Nfhis G+kpapd; Rw;Wtl;lg; ghijapy; (orbit) G+kpapy; ,Ue;J 36 Mapuk; fp.kP. cauj;jpy; epiy epWj;jpAs;sJ. ,e;jr; nraw;iff; Nfhs;xU ePs; Kl;iltbthd (elliptical path) ghijapy; G+kpiar; Rw;wptUfpwJ. mg;NghJ G+kpapy; ,Ue;J mjd; Mff;$Ljyhd cauk; 36>000 Mapuk; fp.kP MfTk; Mff; fpl;bajhd Jhuk; 180 fp.kP.

,e;j VTfiz jahupg;gjw;fhd jpl;lk; 1990k; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjw;fhd jpl;l KjyPL 1>400 Nfhb &gha;. xU Kiw VTtjw;fhd nryT 150 Nfhb &gha;. jpl;lj;ijj; njhlf;fp gj;jhz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF jahuhd Kjy; VTfiz ,Jjhd;. ,jd; vil 410 njhd;. cauk; 49 kPl;lH. VTfiz Rke;J nrd;w jfty; nra;kjpapd; (nraw;iff; Nfhs;) vil 1540 fpNyh. %d;W js mikg;ghf [pv];vy;tp jahupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. jpl kw;Wk; jput vupnghUshy; (liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen) epug;gg;gl;l ,e;j VTfiz nra;kjpia jhq;fpr; nry;Yk; tifapy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

Vw;fdNt ,e;jpah ,d;rl;-1> ,d;rl; -2 Nghd;w gy jfty; nra;kjpfis tpz;ntspf;F mDg;gpapUe;jhYk; mit mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; Nkw;F INuhg;gpa tpz;ntsp ikaj;jpw;Fr; (European Space Agency (ESA) nrhe;jkhd

Ariane epWtdk; %ykhfNt mDg;gg;gl;ld. Mwpahd; epWtdk; ghup]; efiuj; jiyikafkhff; nfhz;L ,aq;FfpwJ. ,e;j epWtdk; gpud;R fadhtpd; efuq;fspy; xd;whd Kourou tpy; cs;s VTfizj; jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J nra;kjpfis tzpf uPjpapy; ngUe;njhifg; gzj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L tpz;zpy; kpjf;f tpLfpwJ. xU nra;kjpia tpz;zpy; Vt RkhH 9 Nfhb mnkupf;f nlhyiuf; fl;lzkhf mwtpLfpwJ.

,e;jpah ,dpNky; ey;y tUkhdk; cs;s ,e;j mz;lntsp thzpfj;jpy; <Lglg; NghfpwJ. mnkupf;fh> cUrpah> INuhg;ghit tpl "kypthd" fl;lzj;jpy; ,e;j VTfizfs; %yk; nra;kjpfis tpzpntspf;F mDg;gp itf;f ,e;jpahthy; KbAk;.

Kd;dH $wpathW nrd;w Mz;L rpj;jpiu khjk; fpA+gh gazj;ij Kbj;Jf; nfhz;L fdlh jpUk;gpaJk; kPz;Lk; mnkupf;fhtpd; Gfo;ngw;w Gswplh khepyj;Jf;Fg; NghFk; tha;g;Gf; fpl;baJ. mg;NghJ ehrhtpd; tpz;ntsp ikaj;jpy; fhl;rpf;F itj;jpUe;j gy VTfizfis Neupy; ghHj;Njd;. mtw;wpd; Njhw;wk; ghHf;fg; gpukpg;G+l;Ltjhf ,Ue;jJ. xU ,lj;jpy; VTfizfisj; jahupf;Fk; njhopw;$lj;jpy; jahupg;G Ntiyfs; Kk;kukhf ele;J nfhz;bUe;jijf; fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.

xUGwk; tpz;ntspf;F VTfizfis Vtp rhjid gilj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,e;jpa mwptpayhsHfs;. kWGwj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpd; MSk; Njrpa rdehaff; $l;lzp Nghypahd Nrhjplj;ij mwpnthsp gug;Gk; gy;fiyf; fofq;fspy; xU ghlkhf GFj;j gfPuj Kaw;rpj;J tUfpwJ.

Fwpg;ghf ghujpa [djhf; fl;rpf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; fhtp fl;ba gz;lhuq;fSk;> guNjrpfSk;> rq;gupthuq;fSNk ,e;jpahit Ntjfhykhd ,Uz;l fhyj;Jf;F ,Oj;Jr; nry;y ,g;gbf; fr;iria ,Oj;Jf; fl;bf; nfhz;L fsj;jpy; epw;fpwhHfs;. (tsUk;)

fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu

gQ;rhq;fKk; cyftiuglKk;!

(38 )

xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.

Kjy; Kaw;rp jilgl;l NghJ ,e;jpa mwptpayhsHfSf;F ngupa Vkhw;wkhf ,Ue;jJ. midj;J mwptpayhsHfSk; mjpHr;rp mile;jhHfs;. gpd;dH NfhshWf;F cl;gl;l ae;jpuk; khw;wg;gl;L Gjpa ae;jpuk; nghUj;jg;gl;lJ.

,e;j ,uz;L jkpowptpayhsHfsJ gq;fspg;Gg;gw;wp cyfk;tho; jkpoHfs; epr;rak; ngUikg;gl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;.

fle;j Gjd; khiy rupahf 3.45 kzpf;F ,e;j VTfiz =`upNfhl;lh (Me;jpu khepyk;) VT jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J Vtg;gl;lJ. ,e;j VTfiz [p.rhl; -1 vd;w Nrhjid nraw;iff; Nfhis G+kpapd; Rw;Wtl;lg; ghijapy; (orbit) G+kpapy; ,Ue;J 36 Mapuk; fp.kP. cauj;jpy; epiy epWj;jpAs;sJ. ,e;jr; nraw;iff; Nfhs; xU ePs; Kl;iltbthd (elliptical path) ghijapy; G+kpiar; Rw;wptUfpwJ. mg;NghJ G+kpapy; ,Ue;J mjd; Mff;$Ljyhd cauk; 36>000 Mapuk; fp.kP MfTk; Mff; fpl;bajhd Jhuk; 180 fp.kP.

Vw;fdNt ,e;jpah ,d;rl;-1> ,d;rl; -2 Nghd;w gy jfty; nra;kjpfis tpz;ntspf;F mDg;gpapUe;jhYk; mit mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; Nkw;F INuhg;gpa tpz;ntsp ikaj;jpw;Fr; (European Space Agency (ESA) nrhe;jkhd

Kd;dH $wpathW nrd;w Mz;L rpj;jpiu khjk; fpA+gh gazj;ij Kbj;Jf; nfhz;L fdlh jpUk;gpaJk; kPz;Lk; mnkupf;fhtpd; Gfo;ngw;w Gswplh khepyj;Jf;Fg; NghFk; tha;g;Gf; fpl;baJ. mg;NghJ ehrhtpd; (NASA) tpz;ntsp ikaj;jpy; fhl;rpf;F itj;jpUe;j gy VTfizfis Neupy; ghHj;Njd;. mtw;wpd; Njhw;wk; ghHf;fg; gpukpg;G+l;Ltjhf ,Ue;jJ. xU ,lj;jpy; VTfizfisj; jahupf;Fk; njhopw;$lj;jpy; jahupg;G Ntiyfs; Kk;kukhf ele;J nfhz;bUe;jijf; fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.

xUGwk; tpz;ntspf;F VTfizfis Vtp rhjid gilj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,e;jpa mwptpayhsHfs;. kWGwj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpd; MSk; Njrpa rdehaff; $l;lzp murpay;thjpfs; Nghypahd Nrhjplj;ij mwpnthsp gug;Gk; gy;fiyf; fofq;fspy; xU ghlkhf GFj;j gfPuj Kaw;rpj;J tUfpwhHfs;.

Fwpg;ghf ghujpa [djhf; fl;rpf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; fhtp fl;ba gz;lhuq;fSk;> guNjrpfSk;> rq;gupthuq;fSk; ,e;jpahit Ntjfhykhd ,Uz;l fhyj;Jf;F ,Oj;Jr; nry;y ,g;gbf; fr;iria ,Oj;Jf; fl;bf; nfhz;L fsj;jpy; epw;fpwhHfs;.

Nrhjplk; xU Nghypahd mwptpay; (pseudo science) . ,d;iwa thdtpay; Jiwf;F md;iwa Nrhjple;jhd; mbj;jsk; ,l;lJ. Mdhy; Nrhjplk; mg;gbNa md;iwa miuFiw thdtpay; mwpNthL epd;Wtpl;lJ.

,aw;gpaypy; (Natural Science) mwpT jpul;lg;gLtJ vd;gJ Muha;r;rpfspd; CNlahFk;. Kjw; fl;lj;jpy; gupNrhjidfs; elhj;jp njspTfs; ( Evidence) jpul;lg;gLfpwJ.

,uz;lhtJ fl;lj;jpy; me;j Ma;T KbTfis fzpjr; rkd;ghLfs; (Mathematical Equations), FwpaPLfs; (symbols) topkhjpup mikj;J ( Modelling); mjhtJ Njw;wk; (Theorem) ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. .

%d;whtJ fl;lj;jpy; mtw;iwr; RUf;fkhd #j;jpukhf (Formula) ciuf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,JNt mwptpay; Muha;r;rp tpisTfis epiyehl;lTk; gpwH mjid vspjpy; Gupe;J nfhs;sTk; nra;ag;gLk; topKiwfs; MFk;.

xU Njw;wk; my;yJ mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;G mJ vj;jidKiw nra;apDk;> ahH nra;apDk; ,lk;> nghOJ NtWghbd;wp xNu Kbit kl;Lk; ju ty;yJ. Nrhjplk; mg;gbahdjy;y.

Nrhjplj;jpd; mbg;gil vd;dntd;why; Nfhs;fs; (fpufq;fs;) G+kpapy; cs;s kf;fspd; md;whl tho;f;ifapd; (,g;NghJ kdpjHfistpl ehL> murpay; fl;rp Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fk; NrhjplHfs; [hjfk; fzpj;J gyd; nrhy;y fpsk;gpapUf;fpwhHfs;) Nghf;fpYk; mtHfsJ elj;ijapYk; nry;thf;F tfpf;fpd;wd (The fundamental premise of astrology is that heavenly bodies exert influences on the daily lives and behaviour of human beings on Earth) vd;gjhFk;.

Mdhy; ,J ntWk; ek;gpf;ifNa my;yhJ Nfhs;fSf;Fk; kdpjHfSf;Fk; njhlHG ,Ug;gjw;fhd Mjhuk; Kw;whf ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwJ.

Nfhs;fSf;Fk; kdpjHfSf;Fk; kl;Lky;y Nfhs;fSf;Fk; G+kpeLf;fk;> nts;sk;> Gay; Nghd;w ,aw;if mopTfSf;Fk;> murpay; khWjy;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fk; Kiwahd njhlHG ( systematic connection ) ,Ug;gjw;F Mjhuk; ,y;iy.

xNu rhjfj;ijg; ghHj;J ,uz;L NrhjplHfs; ehYtpjkhd gyd; nrhy;tjw;F ,jw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.

Kjypy; xd;gJ Nfhs;fspy; (etf;fpufq;fspy;) xd;whf NrhjplHfs; Qhapiw (#upaid) NrHg;gJ rupay;y. QhapW Nfhsy;y. mJ xU tpz;kPd;. re;jpud; Nfhsy;y. mJ G+kpiar; Rw;wptUk; xU Jizf; Nfhs;. ,y;iy mJ Nfhs;jhd; vd;W thjpl;lhy; tpahoid Rw;wptUk; 12 Jizf; Nfhs;fisAk; rdpiar; Rw;wp tUk; 5 Jizf; Nfhs;fisAk; Nrhjplf; fzpg;gpy; NrHf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ,uhF NfJ vd;w ,uz;L Nfhs;fSk; fw;gidf; Nfhs;fshFk;.

Nrhjplk; G+kp xU ,lj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhfTk; QhapWk; kw;iwa Nfhs;fSk; mjidr; Rw;wptUfpwnjd;w mbg;gilapNyNa cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

xU Foe;ij G+kpapy; gpwf;Fk; Neuj;ij itj;Jj;jhd; rhjfk; vOjg;gLfpwJ. fUg;igapy; Foe;ij cUthfpa Neuj;ij itj;J Vd; rhjfk; vOjg;gLtjpy;iy? mJ kl;Lky;y ,d;iwa kUj;Jtj;jpy; xU Foe;ijapd; gpwg;ig Jupjg;gLj;j KbAk;. Ntz;Lnkd;why; js;spg; NghlTk; KbAk;.

xU Foe;ij G+kpapy; gpwe;j Neuj;ij kl;Lk; itj;J rhjfk; fzpg;njd;why; xNu jPHf;Nuifapy; ((longitude) xNu Neuj;jpy; gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijfspd; rhjfq;fs; vy;yhk; xNukhjpupapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

cz;ik vd;dntd;why; fhyKk; ngUntspAk; jdpj;J ,aq;Fgit my;y. ",d;iwf;F" my;yJ ",g;nghOJ" vd;gJ KOf;f KOf;f rupahdJ my;y. ,jdhy;jhd; Gj;jH epfo;fhyk; vd;nwhd;W ,y;iy vd;W nrhd;dhH.

ftdpg;gtH khWgl;lhy; fhyKk; khWgLk;. ,UNtW ,lq;fspy; "xNu nghOJ" vd xd;wpy;iy. nuhwd;Nuh efupy; ,Ug;gtUf;F fhiy gj;Jkzp vd;gJk;> nuhwd;Nuhtpd; mNj jPHf;fNuifapy; cs;s ,d;ndhU efupy; fhiy gj;Jkzp vd;gJk; NtW NtW. xNu jPHf;fNuif vd;gjhy; ,uz;L ,lq;fspYk; xNu nghOJjhd;. vd;whYk; ,lk; NtW NtW. ,e;j NtWghl;il Nrhjplk; fzf;fpy; nfhs;tjpy;iy.

fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liuf;Fk; mwptpaYf;Fk; vd;d rk;ge;jk; vd;W rpyH Nfl;ff; $Lk;. ehd; Vw;fdNt vOjpaJNghy 15k; Ehw;whz;bd; ,WjpapYk;> gjpdhwhk; Ehw;whz;bd; Muk;gpj;jpYk; ,Rg;ghdpah> NghHj;Jf;fy;Nghd;w ehLfs; mwptpaypy; Kd;NdwpapUe;j fhuzj;jhy;jhd; nfhyk;g];> t];nfhlfhk Nghd;wtHfs; Gjpa ehLfisAk; fz;lq;fisAk; fz;L gpbj;J> me;j ehLfspy; FbNawp mtw;iwj; jq;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhf;fpf; nfhz;lhHfs;.

mwptpaypy; Kd;Ndwhj fhuzj;jhy; jkpoHfs; mz;ilehlhd ,yq;ifiaf; $l Kw;whfg; gpbf;f Kbahky; Nghapw;W. rhtfk;> Gl;;gfk;> flhuk;> tq;fk;> <ok; Nghd;w ehLfis KjyhtJ ,uhruhr NrhoDk;> mtdJ kfd; KjyhtJ ,uhNre;jpu NrhoDk; gpbj;jhYk;> Nghd Ntfj;jpy; ,UtUk; jpUk;gp te;J tpl;lhHfs; vd;gJjhd; tuyhW nrhy;Yk; cz;ik. NtW tpjkhfr; nrhd;dhy;gQ;rhq;fk; ghHj;jtHfs; gpd;Df;Fj; js;sg; gl;lhHfs;. cyftiuglk; tiue;jtHfs; Gjpa cyfq;fis fz;L gpbj;jhHfs;. (tsUk;)

fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu

"",e;jpahtpw;fhd tpidj; jpl;gk;""

(39 )

xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.

nfhyk;grpd; Muk;gfhy fg;gy;gaz mDgtq;fs; Nkw;FKfkhfg; gazk; nra;jhy; fpof;if milayhk; vd;w ek;gp;f;ifia mtUf;Ff; nfhLj;jJ vd Kd;dH nrhy;ypapUe;Njd;. ,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpw;F nfhyk;g]; #l;ba ngaH "",e;jpahtpw;fhd tpidj; jpl;gk;;"" (”Enterprise of the Indies”) vd;gjhFk;. Vd; ",e;jpah" vd;w nrhy;yhl;rpia nfhyk;g]; ifahz;lhH? ,e;J ejpf;F fpof;Nf cs;s gpuNjrk; KOtijAk; nfhyk;g]; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpah vd;Nw mioj;jhHfs;.

nfhyk;g]; Mapuf;fzf;fhd Mz;L fhykhf Nrfupj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;j mwptpay; kw;Wk; juTfis jdJ gazj; jpl;lj;jpw;F ed;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhH. fpNuf;fH> cNuhkH fhyj;jpy; cyfpd; Nkw;gug;gpy; xNujz;zPH jpus;jhd; cz;L vd;Wk; mJ INuhg;ghitAk; MrpahitAk; ,izf;fpwJ vd;w Nfhl;ghl;il nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. mjd;gb xUtH Nkw;F Nehf;fp gazj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhy; fpof;Fj; jpiriag; Ngha;r; Nruyhk; vd Cfpj;jhHfs;. Mdhy; mJ vt;tsT Jhuk; vd;gJgw;wp kl;Lk; fUj;J Ntw;Wik ,Ue;jJ.

nfhyk;grpd; nfl;bj;jdk; vd;dntd;why; mtH kj;jpajiuf; fly;gFjp kw;Wk; mj;jpyhe;jpf; gpuNjrj;jpy; fpilf;ff; $ba juTfis Nrfupj;J mtw;iw jdJ nrhe;j mDgtk; kw;Wk; Gj;jfq;fisg; gbj;Jj; njupe;Jnfhz;l juTfNshL xUq;fpizj;jJjhd;. nfhyk;grpw;F Kd;dH ,Ue;j khYkpfs; ahuhtJ ,g;gb gfPuj Kaw;rp nra;jhHfs; vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ.

nfhyk;grpd; gazj; jpl;lj;jpw;F NghHj;Jf;Nfa gpuGf;fs; Fbapy; gpwe;j mtuJ kidtpapd; FLk;gk; cjtpahf ,Ue;jJ. nfhyk;grpd; khkdhH tpl;Lf; nrd;w gy juTfis nfhz;l Mtzq;fs; nfhyk;g]; iff;Ff; fpilj;jJ. gy tiuglq;fs;> rKj;jpuq;fspd; Ropfs;> khYkpfNshL elhj;jpa nrt;tpfs;> Nkw;fpy; ,Ue;J kNlapuh jPTfspy; fiu xJq;fpa nghUl;fs;gw;wpa tha;nkhopf; fijfs; me;j Mtzq;fspy; fhzg;gl;ld.

,tw;iwtpl nfhyk;grpd; gazj; jpl;lj;jpw;F NghHj;Jfypy; tho;e;j [pNahdp]; r%fj;Njhlhd (Genoese community in Portugal) njhlHG kw;Wk; Kd;ida Mgpupf;f gazj;jpy; fpilj;j mDgtk; mtuJ jpl;lj;jpw;Ff; ifnfhLj;jd. Mgpupf;f fg;gy; gazj;jpd; NghJjhd; fd;duP]; jPTfs; gw;wpAk;> fd;duP]; flypd; Ropfs;gw;wpAk; nfhyk;g]; mwpe;J nfhz;lhH.

nfhyk;grpd; fUJNfhs; ,uz;L jtwhd Kd;nkhopTfspd; ( propositions) juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; vOg;gg;gl;bUe;jJ. KjyhtJ Mrpahf; fz;lk; ajhHj;jj;ijtpl fpof;Nf ntF Jhuk; ePbj;jpUe;jJ vd;gJ. ,uz;lhtJ ag;ghd; Mrpahf; fz;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J fpof;Nf 2>400 fp. kP. (RkhH 1>500 iky;fs;) ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ.

nfhyk;g]; G+kpapd; tpl;lj;jpd; msit kpff; Fiwthf kjpg;gpl;bUe;jhH. fduP]; jPTfs; ag;ghdpypUe;J 4>440 fp.kP. Jhuj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhf vz;zpdhH. cz;ikapy; fdup]; jPT ag;ghdpypUe;J 19>000 fp.kP. (RkhH 12>000 iky;fs;) Jhuj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. nfhyk;g];jhd; ,g;gbj; jtwhff; fzf;fpl;lhH vd;gjy;y. mtH fhyj;J gbg;ghspfs; mtiug; NghyNt ,g;gbj; Jhuq;fis mstpLtjpy; gpiotpl;lhHfs;. nfhyk;g]; rup> kw;wtHfs; rup Mrpahtpw;Fk; INuhg;gpahtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ngupa fz;lk; ,Ug;gijj; njupe;jpUf;ftpy;iy

nfhyk;gRf;F mtUf;F Kd;dNu ];fd;bNetpah (Scandinavia) ehl;ilr; NrHe;j itf;fpq;]; (Vikings) 10k; Ehw;whz;bd; filrpapy; my;yJ 11k; Ehw;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; mnkupf;fh nrd;W ,d;iwa fdlh ehl;bd; khepyq;fspy; xd;whd epA+gpd;yhe;J ( Newfoundland ) gpuNjrj;jpy; nrhw;gfhyk; FbNawp tho;e;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. ,e;j tuyhW nfhyk;gRf;Fj; njupe;jpUe;jjh? njupe;jpUe;jJ vd;Wjhd; nrhy;yNtz;Lk;. Kd;gpd; njupahj ehLfSf;F kf;fs; nrd;W FbNawpdhHfs; my;yJ Ngha; jpUk;gp te;jhHfs; vd;w tha;nkhopf; fijfs; kj;jpajiuf; flNyhug; gFjpapy; tho;e;j kf;fSf;F njupe;Nj ,Ue;jJ.

nfhyk;g]; jdJ gazj; jpl;lj;jpw;F NghHj;Jf;fy; ehl;by; MjuT jpul;l KbT nra;jhH. NghHj;Jf;fy; ehl;il Mz;l kd;dHfs; xU rpy ,ilntspfs; ePq;fyhf> xU Ehw;whz;Lf;F Nkyhf Gjpa ehLfisf; fz;L gpbf;Fk; Kaw;rpfSf;F Cf;fk; mspj;J te;jpUe;jhHfs;. mj;jpyhe;jp gpuNjrj;ij mz;ba gFjpfspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;F NghHj;Jf;NfaNu fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhHfs;. Fwpg;ghf mg;Nghija NghHj;Jf;fy; ehl;bd; muruhd ,uz;lhtJ Nahd; ( King John II) jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; Mgpupf;fhitr; Rw;wp gazk; nra;J ,e;J rKj;jpu gpuhe;jpak;> Mrpahf; fz;lk; ,tw;wpw;F Gjpa fly;ghij xd;iw fz;L gpbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; msTfle;j MHtj;NjhL ,Ue;jhH.

vdNt NghHj;Jf;fy; kd;dUf;F Gjpa Gtpapay; fz;L gpbg;Gf;fspy; ,Ue;j MHtKk; MjuTk; ,aw;ifahfNt nfhyk;gir mtuJ cjtpia ehlj; Jhz;baJ. Vw;fdNt nfhyk;g]; NghHj;Jf;fy; ehl;by; 7 Mz;Lfs; tho;e;J tpl;lhH. NkYk; mtH me;j ehl;bd; gpuGf;fs; FLk;gj;ijr; rhHe;j xU ngz;ia jpUkzk; nra;jpUe;jhH.

fHdguk;giuf; fijapd;gb nfhyk;grpd; gazj;jpl;lk; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; 1484k; Mz;L murUf;F vLj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. nfhyk;grpd; jpl;lj;ij nrtp kLj;j murH mjid jdJ Gtpapay; tptfhu rigapd; ftdj;Jf;F njupag;gLj;jpdhH.

Mdhy; Gtpapay; tptfhu rig gfpuq;f tprhuizf;Fg; gpd;dH nfhyk;grpd; jpl;lk; kpfTk; xWg;ghdJ vd;W fhuzk; $wp epuhfupj;J tpl;lJ. Jhuq;fs;gw;wpAk;> msitfs;gw;wpAk; nfhyk;g]; nfhLj;j juTfs; jtwhdit vd;W thjpf;fg;gl;lJ> NkYk; nfhyk;grpd; jpl;lk; NghHj;Jf;fy; ehl;bd; Mgpupf;fhitr; Rw;wp Mrpahit miltjw;F topnahd;iwf; fz;L gpbf;Fk; jpl;lj;jpw;F Kuzhf ,Ug;gjhfTk; njuptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

NghHj;Jf;fy; ehl;bd; Mjuitg; ngw vLj;j Kaw;rp Njhy;tpAw;whYk; nfhyk;g]; kdk; jsutpy;iy. jdJ jpl;lj;jpw;F ,Rg;ghdpa ehl;bd; muruhd Ie;jhtJ ngHdpdd;l; kw;Wk; murpahH KjyhtJ ,rngy;yh ( King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella I.) ,UtuJ MjuitAk; Nfl;Lg; ngWtjw;fhf nfhyk;g]; ,Rghdpa ehl;bw;Fg; gazkhdH.

mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuj;ij flg;gJgw;wpa Muha;r;rpapy; NghHj;Jf;fy; ehl;iltpl ,Rghdpa ehL kpfTk; gpd;jq;fp ,Ue;jJ. NkYk; ,e;j ,uz;L ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Mgpupf;f fz;lj;jpd; kPJk;;> me;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuj;jpy; cs;s fduP]; kw;Wk; mNrhH]; ( Azores.) jPTfs; kPJk; ahUf;F Ml;rpAupik cz;L vd;gjpy; Nkhjy;fs; ntbj;j tz;zk; ,Ue;jd.

1479k; Mz;L ,Rg;ghdpah fduP]; jPTfis jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;by; nfhz;L te;jJ. Mdhy; mjd; kPJ jdf;F ,Ue;j Ml;rpAupikia NghHj;Jf;fy; tpl;Lf; nfhLf;f kWj;jJ. ,jdhy; ,e;j ,uz;L ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; kpf nky;ypjhd rkhjhdNk epytpaJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; ,uz;L ehLfSk; ,e;jg; gpur;rpidgw;wp Aj;jj;jpy; ,wq;fj; jahuhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

gioa fijapd;gb NghHj;Jf;fy; ehL nfhyk;grpd; jpl;lj;ij epuhfupj;jw;F xU fhuzk; me;jj; jpl;lj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy; mJ ,Rghdpa ehl;Nlhlhd ,uh[je;jpu cwit NkYk; Nkhrkhf;fptpLk; vd;w gakhFk;.

,Rghdpa ehl;bw;Fg; gazg;gl;l nfhyk;g]; ,Rghdpahtpd; njd;fiuNahukhf ,Uf;Fk; ghnyh]; b yh Gwd;Nuwh ( Palos de la Frontera) vd;w JiwKfg; gl;bdj;jpy; ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;j yh wgplh ( La Rábida) vd;w klj;ij ( monastery) te;jile;jhH. ,e;jj; JiwKfg; gl;bdk; NghHj;Jf;fy; ehl;bd; vy;iyapy; ,Ue;J rpwpJ Jhuj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. klj;jpy; nfhyk;g]; jdJ kfd; baNfhit ( Diego ) jq;f itf;f kl;Lky;y mtuJ gazj; jpl;lj;ijAk; me;j klj;jpy; ,Ue;j Jwtpfs; Mjupf;f Kd;te;jhHfs;. nfhyk;grpd; gazj; jpl;lk;> ,yl;rpak;> njhiyNehf;F mtHfisg; ngupJk; ftHe;jJ.

mq;fpUe;j Jwtpfspy; xUtuhd me;NjhdpNah khHnrdh ( Friar Antonio Marchena ) Gtpapay;gw;wp nfhyk;gNrhL gy kzpj;jpahyq;fs; ciuahbdhH. me;NjhdpNah JwtpahH me;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuj;ij Nkw;fhff; flg;gJgw;wp vOjg;gl;l gy gioa Rtbfis nfhyk;grplk; nfhLj;J cjtpdhH. ,J nfhyk;g]; jdJ gazj; jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s rpy FiwghLfis eptHj;jp nra;a cjtpaJ.

me;Njhdp JwtpahH kpfTk; nry;thf;F tha;e;j gpuGf;fisAk;> kjFUkhHfisAk; nfhyk;gRf;F mwpKfk; nra;J itj;jhH. mjpy; xUtH me;j klj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;ghf ,Ue;j Athd; Ngu]; ( Friar Juan Pérez )ghjpupahthH. ,e;jg; ghjpupahHjhd; ,];ngy;yh murpahupd; ghtq;fis xg;Gf;nfhs;Sk; Njthya kjFU MthH. vdNt Ngu]; ghjpupahH nfhyk;gir murpahUf;F mwpKfk; nra;J itf;f mjpf fhyk; vLf;ftpy;iy. Nrtpy; vd;w efupy; FbNawpa nfhyk;gir ,];ngy;yh murpahH 1485y; ,Ue;J 1487tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; jdJ nrytpy; guhkupj;jhH. (tsUk;)

fpA+gh gazf; fl;Liu

""ghijapy;yhg; gazj; jpl;lk;""

(40 )

xU gUe;jpd; epoypy;! Kd;ida njhlHr;rp.

,Rg;ghdpa ehl;bd; muruhd Ie;jhtJ ngHdpdd;l; kw;Wk; murpahH KjyhtJ ,rngy;yh ( King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella I.) Mfpa ,UtUf;Fk; nfhyk;grpd; "",e;jpahtpw;fhd tpidj;jpl;gk;"" vd;w ngaiuAila gazj; jpl;lj;ijapl;L MHtk; ,Ue;jhYk; mg;NghJ njd;,Rg;ghdpa khfhzkhd fpwdlhit (Granada) ifg;gw;Wtjw;F ele;jnfhz;bUe;j ePz;lfhy Aj;jj;jpy; mtHfsJ ftdk; KOJk; gbe;jpUe;jJ. ,e;jg; gpuNjrk; 711k; Mz;L njhlf;fk; Nrhdfuhd K];ypk;fsJ ( Moors, a Muslim group) fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;J te;jJ. ,e;j Aj;jk; fhuzkhf mur jk;gjpfSf;F nfhyk;grpd; jpl;lj;ij Muha Nghjpa Neuk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Kbthf epGzHfs; mlq;fpa xU FOTf;F me;jj; jpl;lj;ijr; rkHg;gpf;f tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ. ,e;jf; FO Vuhskhd vjpHthjq;fis vOg;gpaJ. gy Nfs;tpf; fizfs; tPrpaJ. Kbtpy; nfhyk;grpd; jpl;lk; epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ. epuhfupg;Gf;F nrhy;yg;gl;l fhuzq;fspy; mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuk; kpfg;ngupjhf ,Ug;gjhy; mjidf; flg;gJ Kbahj fhupak; vd;gJ xd;whFk;.

fpwdlh Aj;jk; KbAk;tiu fhj;jpUe;j nfhyk;gRf;F Ntshz;ikf; Fbiar; NrHe;j xU ,sk;ngz;zpd; njhlHG fpilj;jJ. me;jg; ngz;zpd; ngaH gPl;wp]; vd;wpf;Ft]; b mwhdh ( Beatriz Enríquez de Arana.) ,e;jg; ngz;izf; nfhyk;g]; Kiwg;gb jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;shtpy;iy. ,Ue;Jk; mtHfSf;F xU Mz; Foe;ij gpwe;jJ. Foe;ijapd; ngaH ngHbdhd;l; ( Ferdinand ). ,e;jg; igad; tsHe;J nfhyk;g]; mnkupf;fhtpw;F Nkw;nfhz;l ,Wjpg; gazj;jpy; je;ijahNuhL gazpj;jhd; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

1491k; Mz;bd; filrp thuq;fspy; nfhyk;g]; ,Rg;ghdpa murH-murpaH ,UtUf;Fk; jdJ ,Wjp KiwaPl;il tpLj;jhH. mg;NghJ ,Rg;ghdpah fpwdlhtpy; NrhdfHfSf;F vjpuhd ,Wjp Aj;jj;jpw;F Maj;jq;fs; nra;J nfhz;bUe;jJ. murpd; ftdk; KOJk; NghHgw;wpajhfNt ,Ue;jJ.

Mdhy; Nghupd; kj;jpapYk; nfhyk;grpd; gapj;jpaf;fuj;jdkhd gazj;jpl;lj;ijg;gw;wp nfhyk;grplk; ,Ue;JNfl;lwpa ,];ngy;yh murpahH tpUk;gpdhH. mjw;fhf jd;idf; fhztUkhW nfhyk;gRf;F nra;jp nrhy;yp mDg;gpdhH. nfhyk;grpd; topr;nrytpw;F xU NfhNtW fOij (Mule) thq;fTk;> xU Nrhb GJ cilfs; ijf;fTk; 65 nlhyHfis murpahH mDg;gp itj;jhH.

1491k; Mz;L ej;jhH gz;bif fhyj;jpy; nfhyk;g]; fpwdlhtpw;F NfhNtW fOijapy; gazg;gl;lhH. mg;gbg; gazg;gl;Lg; NghdhYk; murpahiuf; fhz mtH fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;b NeHe;jJ. ey;yfhykhf Nghupy;NrhdfHfs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. 1492k; Mz;L ijj; jpq;fs; 2k; ehs; Nrhdf kd;dd; fpwdlh efUf;Fupa jpwTNfhiyf; ifaspj;jhd;. NrhdfHfs; ,Rg;ghdpahtpy; ,Ue;J Kw;whf tpul;b mbf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. mtHfs; tpul;b mbf;fg;gl;lhYk; mtHfs; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;;w FbNaw;wk;> kjkhw;wk; fhuzkhf fzprkhd K];ypk; ,Rg;ghdpaHfs; ,g;NghJk; mq;F tho;fpwhHfs;. ,Rg;ghdpa ehl;bd; Njrpaf; nfhb me;j efuj;jpd; kpf caHe;j my;fk;guh(Alhambra) NfhGuj;jpy; Vw;wg;gl;lJ. ,g;NghJ nfhyk;g]; neLehl;fs; fhj;jpUe;j ehs; te;jJ.

murpahH jdJ muz;kid MNyhrfHfNshL mkHe;jpUe;jhH. ,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpy; Muk;gk; Kjy; ek;gpf;if nfhs;shj murH ngHbdd;l; mq;F ,Uf;ftpy;iy. murpd; gzk;> fg;gy;fs;> khYkpfis xU ghijapy;yhg; gazj;jpy; ,of;f murH tpUk;gtpy;iy.

nfhyk;g]; ,e;jpahitf; fz;L gpbf;Fk; jdJ gazj; jpl;lj;ij tiuglq;fs; cjtpAld; rhq;Nfhghq;fkhf tpsf;fpdhH. ,e;jpahitf; fz;L gpbf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; jdf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba Cf;f ed;nfhilfs; ( rewards) gw;wpAk; vLj;Jiuj;jhH.

,e;jpahtpy; (Indies) fpilf;ff; $ba nry;tj;jpy; gj;jpy; xU gq;F jdf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd nfhyk;g]; Nfl;lhH. mj;NjhL jdf;F flw;gilj; jsgjpg; gl;lk; ( Admiral), MSeH ( Governor) gjtp jug;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;lhH. flw;gilj; jsgjp gl;lk; thzpfk; rk;ge;jkhd G+ry;fisj; jPHj;J itf;fTk;> MSeH gjtp Gjpa ehLfis MStjw;fhd rptpy; kw;Wk; ,uhZt mjpfhuj;ij toq;Ftjw;Fk; tha;gspf;Fk; vd;gJ nfhyk;grpd; vz;zkhFk;.

Kbtpy; nfhyk;grpd; jpl;lk; kPz;Lk; epuhfupf;fg; gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,g;NghJ epuhfupf;fg;gl;ljw;F NtW fhuzk; $wg;gl;lJ. nfhyk;g]; mjpfsT rd;khdk; Nfl;bUe;jNj me;jf; fhuzkhFk;.

xU fhupaj;jpy; ntw;wpngw Ntz;Lk; vd;why; Njhy;tpiaf; fz;L Jtz;L tplhJ kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kaw;rp vg;NghJk; jpUtpidahf;Fk;. tho;f;ifapy; ntw;wp mile;jtHfsJ tho;f;if tuyhw;iwg; gbj;Jg; ghHj;jhy; mtHfsJ ntw;wpf;Ff; fhuzk; Njhy;tpiag; ntw;wpapd; gbf;fw;fshf khw;wp mjpy; VWeil Nghl;lJjhd;.

Ciog;gw;wp xU mjpfhuk; vOjpa jpUts;StH Cf;fKilik> kbapd;ik> Ms;tpidTlik> ,Lf;fdopahik vd kdpj Kaw;rpf;F ehd;F mjpfhuq;fs; vOjpAs;shH. ,Lf;fz; tUq;fhy; eFf vd;fpwhH. CioAk; cl;gf;fk; fhz;gH ciytpd;wp jhohJ cQw;WgtH vd;fpwhH. Vd; nja;tj;jhy; MfhnjdpDk; Kaw;rp jd; nka; tUj;Jf; $ypjUk; vd;W mbj;Jf; $WfpwhH.

Mdhy; ek;ktHfs; ts;StuJ Co;gw;wpa jj;Jtj;ijg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L kw;wtw;iw Gwf;fzpj;J tpl;lhHfs;. vy;yhk; jiytpjp> mtdpd;wp xU mZTk; mirahJ vd;W murH Kjy; Mz;btiu ntl;b Ntjhe;jk; Ngrpf; nfhz;L> new;wpapy; gl;il> fOj;jpy; cUj;jpuhl;rf; nfhl;il fl;bf;nfhz;L jpupe;jhHfs;.jkpopdk; me;epaHfSf;F Ehw;whz;Lf; fzf;fpy; mbikg; gl;ljw;F ,Jjhd; Kf;fpa fhuzk;.

nfhyk;g]; jdJ gazj;jpl;lj;jpw;F Kjypy; NghHj;Jf;fy; ehl;bd; cjtpia ehbj; Njhy;tp fz;lhH. ntdp]; Fbaurplk; cjtp Nfl;lhH. fpilf;ftpy;iy. mjpYk; Njhy;tpjhd; fpilj;jJ. gpupj;jhdpa murplk; jdJ cld;gpwg;ig JhJ mDg;gp cjtp Nfl;lhH. me;j muRk; ifiatpupj;jJ. ,g;NghJ ,Rg;ghdp murH- murp ,Utuplk; cjtp Nfl;L mjpYk; Njhy;tp fz;lhH. gpuhd;R ehl;L muruplk; cjtp Nfl;fyhkh vd;W Nahrpj;jhH. vjw;Fk; kPz;Lk; xUjuk; ,Rg;ghdpa murpaplk; Nfl;gJ vd;W KbT nra;jhH.

,d;ndhUtH vd;why; jdJ tpjpia nehe;J nfhz;L gazj;jpl;lj;ij %l;ilahff; fl;b guzpy; itj;jpUg;ghH. Mdhy; nfhyk;g]; tpj;jpahrkhd kdpjH. (tsUk;)