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Ntjhsk; kPz;Lk; KUf;if kuj;jpyh?

""vd;d elf;fpwJ?""

""vd;d ruptUNkh?""

""tpf;fpukrpq;fhit ek;gyhNkh?""

""re;jpupfh Fog;GthNth?""

""mnkupf;fd; Vd; jiyia Eisf;fpwhd;?""

,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;g;gl;l jkpoHfs; re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; NkNy nrhd;d ciuahly;jhd; ,g;NghJ ,lk;ngWfpwJ.

nghJthf xU epahakhd ePjpahd murpay; jPHT Vw;gLkh vd;W jkpoHfs; mtek;gpf;if nfhs;tjpy; nghUs; ,Uf;fpwJ.

,g;NghJ Muk;gpf;fg;gl ,Uf;Fk; mikjpg; Ngr;R thHj;ij Ie;jhtJ MFk;. jpk;G njhlf;fk; aho;g;ghzk;tiu ,Jtiu ehd;F jlit ,U jug;ghUk; Ngrpa mikjpg; Ngr;Rf;fs; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;J tpl;ld. ,e;j Ie;jhtJ kl;Lk; filj;NjWk; vd;W vg;gb vjpHghHg;gJ? vg;gb ek;GtJ?

,g;NghJ tp.GypfSf;Fk; =yq;fh muRf;Fk; ,ilapy; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;Ls;s xg;ge;jk; xU murpay; jPHTf;F ,U rhuhUk; vLj;J itj;Js;s Kjy; mbjhd;. Mdhy; epue;ju jPHTf;Fk; epue;ju mikjpf;Fk; elf;f Ntz;ba gazk; ePz;lJ. mJ fy;Yk; Ks;Sk; epuk;gpaJ.

murpay; jPHTf;F jilf; fy;yhf gy rf;jpfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf>

(m)rdhjpgjp re;jpupfhTk; mtuJ fl;rpAk;

(M) [djh tpKf;jp nguKd> rpq;fs cWka Nghd;w jPtpu rpq;fs-gTj;j fl;rpfs;

(,) gTj;jkj NjuHfspy; xU rhuhH

(<) ,uhZtj;jpy; xU gpupT

(c) xw;iw Ml;rp murpay; mikg;Gf;Fs; kl;LNk murpay; jPHT vd;w gpujkH uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;fhtpd; epiyg;ghL.

xU Gjpa murpay; ahg;G rl;lkhf ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffs; Njitg;gLk;. me;jg; ngUk;ghd;ik MSk; fl;rpf;F ,g;NghJ ,y;iy. vdNt jPHTf;F rdhjpgjp re;jpupfhtpd; xj;Jiog;G ,y;yhtpl;lhy; (Gupe;JzHT xg;ge;jk; =yq;fhtpd; ,iwahz;ikiag; ghjpj;Jtpl;lJ vd;W Vw;fdNt Gyk;GfpwhH) tp.GypfSk; uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;fhTk; vOjpf; nfhs;Sk; murpay; ahg;G nry;yhf; fhrhfptpLk;.

gpujkH uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;fh aho;g;ghzj;Jf;F tUif je;jNghJ ""rkhjhdj;jpd; je;ijNa tUf"" ""nts;isg; GwhNt tUf"" vd aho;g;ghzj;J kf;fs; tuNtw;wpUf;fpwhHfs;.

Mdhy; tpf;fpukrpq;fh ,Jtiu jPHT vd;d mbg;gilapy; mikAk; my;yJ ,Uf;Fk; vd;W nrhy;ytpy;iy. mtH nrhd;dnjy;yhk;-

(m) xw;iwahl;rp mikg;Gj; njhlUk;.

(M)13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; mjpfhuk; tl-fpof;F khfhzq;fSf;Fg; gutyhf;fg;gLk;.

(,) tl-fpof;Ff;F ,ilf;fhy rig mikf;fg;gLk.;

(<) ,uhZtk; etPdkag; gLj;jg;gLk;.

(c) gaq;futhjr; rl;lk; jpUk;gg; ngw khl;lhJ.

me;jf; fhyj;jpy; murHfs; NfhNyhr;rpaNghJ jq;fs; vjpupfis ntw;wp nfhs;s ehd;Ftif cghaq;fisf; ifahz;lhHfs;. mitahtd rhk> Ngj(k;)> jhd(k;)> jz;lk;. ,d;iwa rpq;fs Ml;rpahsHfSk; ,e;j cghaq;fisj;jhd; ifahs;fpwhHfs;.

rdhjpgjp re;jpupfh ""rkhjhdj;Jf;fhd Aj;jk;"" vd;w Nfhl;ghl;il gpd;gw;wpdhH. mjhtJ rhk> Ngj> jz;lk; vd;w %d;W cghaq;fisAk; filg;gpbj;jhH. rkhjhdk; vd;W nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L mLf;fLf;fhf ,uhZt eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhH. tp.Gypfis ,uhZt uPjpahfj; Njhw;fbj;J ,dr; rpf;fiyj; jPHf;f epidj;jhH. tp.Gypfisj; jdpikg;gLj;j rpy $ypf;FOf;fSf;F gzk;> gjtp vd;W nfhLj;J tp.GypfSf;F vjpuhd xU khw;Wj; jiyikj;Jtj;ij cUthf;f vj;jdpj;jhH.

gpujkH uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;fh rhk> jhd ,e;j ,uz;L cghaq;fisAk; gpd;gw;WfpwhH. ,dr; rpf;fYf;F rkhjhdg; Ngr;R thHj;ijjhd; xNu top vd;fpwhH. tl-fpof;F kPjhd nghUshjhuj; jiliaj; jsHj;jp jkpo; kf;fsJ Mjuitg; ngw epidf;fpwhH.

murpay; jPHT Vw;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; mJ jdpj; jkpoPokhf ,Uf;fhJ vd;gJ epr;rakhfp tpl;lJ. tp. GypfNs vq;fs; Nfhupf;if jkpoPoe;jhd;> Mdhy; mjw;F <lhf jkpoHfsJ murpay; mgpyhirfis G+Hj;jp nra;Ak; khw;Wj; jpl;lj;ijg; guprPypf;fj; jahH vd;W nrhy;yp tpl;lhHfs;.

khw;Wj; jpl;lk; vd;gJ ,izg;ghl;rp murpay;jhd;. Mdhy; ,izg;ghl;rpia rpq;fstUk; rpq;fsf; fl;rpfSk; fle;j 50 Mz;Lfshf vjpHj;J te;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.

rdhjpgjp re;jpupfh murpay; gutyhf;fy; vd;W nrhd;dhNunahopa mJ fdlhtpy; fhzg;gLk; ,izg;ghl;rp mikg;Gg;Nghy; ,Uf;Fk; vd;W nrhy;ytpy;iy.

gpujkH uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;fhTk; mtuJ If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpAk; ,izg;ghl;rp vd;w Nfhl;ghl;il xUNghJk; xj;Jf; nfhz;ljpy;iy.

uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;fhtpdJ If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpjhd; jpk;Gtpy; jkpo;f; fl;rpfSk; jkpo;f; FOf;fSk; Kd;itj;j ehd;F mk;rf; Nfhupf;ifia cldbahf epuhfupj;jJ vd;gJ epidT $uj;jf;fJ.

fle;j 50 Mz;Lfhy Ml;rpiaf; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;lhy; =yq;fh muR tl-fpof;F kPjhd jdJ gpbia gbg;gbahf mjpfupj;J te;jJ GydhFk;. 1778,y; nfhz;L tug;gl;l murpay; ahg;G xw;iwahl;rp ahg;ngd;Wk;> ehlhSkd;wk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij NtW ve;j mikg;gplKk; ifaspf;f khl;lhJ vd;Wk; njspthff; Fwpg;gplg; gl;Ls;sJ. mNj Neuk; kj;jpa muR tl-fpof;fpy; jdJ gpbia NkYk; ,Wf;fpf; nfhs;s ,uhZtj;jpd; gyj;ij gj;J klq;F $l;bAs;sJ.

vdNt tp.Gypfs; jkpoPoj;Jf;Ff; Fiwthd mNj Neuk; jkpoHfspd; murpay; mgpyhirfis (tl-fpof;F jkpoupd; jhafk;> jkpoHfs; xU Njrpa ,dk;> jkpoHfSf;FRaepHza cupik cz;L) epiwT nra;Ak; murpay; jPHit Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhYk; mjw;F uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;fhtpd; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp jahuh vd;gJ Nfs;tpf;Fwp.

""jkpoPok; jtpHe;j NtW ve;j murpay;j; jPHTf;Fk; ehk; jahH"" vd;W uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;fh njuptpj;jpUg;gJ cz;ikjhd;. ,g;gbj;jhd; Kd;dhs; rdhjpgjp uzrpq;fp gpNukjhrhTk; nrhd;dhH. ""<ok; jtpu vy;yhk; vy;yhk;"" jug;gLk; vd;whH.

nkhj;jj;jpy; xU epahakhd ePjpahd murpay; jPHTf;fhd rhj;jpaf;$Wfs; FiwthfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd.

tp.Gypfs; murplk; khw;W murpay;j; jpl;lj;ijf; Nfl;fpwhHfs;. muR tl-fpof;Ff;F Mff; Fiwe;jsT murpay; mjpfhuj;ij ghug;gLj;Jk; jpl;lj;ijj;jhd; Kd;itf;Fk;. mJ Nghjhnjd;W tp.Gypfs; nrhd;dhy; NkYk; nfhQ;r mjpfhuq;fisf; $l;lyhk;. tp.Gypfs; jq;fs; Nfhupf;ifia NkYk; typAWj;jpdhy; muR mjw;F ,zq;f kWf;fyhk;. mg;NghJ xU fhailg;G (stalemate) epiy vOk;. tp.Gypfs; xU ,f;fl;lhd #oypy; khl;bf; nfhs;s NeupLk;. njhlHe;J muNrhL NgRtjhy; gad; ,y;iy vd;W njupe;jhYk;> Ngr;ir Kwpj;Jf; nfhz;L tp.Gypfs; Ngr;R thHj;ij Nkiria tpl;L ntspNaw KbahJ. ntspNawpdhy; =yq;fh muR mjidj; jdf;Fr; rhjfkhf;fpf; nfhs;s mjpf Neuk; vLf;fhJ.

NkYk; rupNah gpioNah> ahH gf;fj;jpy; epahak;> mepahak; vd;gijg; ghHf;fhky; Ngr;R thHj;ijapy; ,Ue;J gpd;thq;Fk; tp.Gypfis midj;Jyf r%fk; fz;bf;fg; gpd;thq;fhJ. mg;NghJ Ntjhsk; kPz;Lk; KUf;if kuj;jpy; Vwpa fijahfptpLk;.

jkpoPo-=yq;fh FbauR

nrd;w fpoik NrHgpahtpw;Fk; nkhd;nuePf;Nwh ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU thyhw;W Kf;fpak; tha;e;j murpay; xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;J ,lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; A+NfhrpNyhtpah vd;w ehL cyfg;glj;jpy; ,Ue;J kiwe;J tpLk;. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf NrHgpah-nkhd;nuePf;Nwh vd;w ,uz;L ghjp-Rje;jpuehLfs; (semi-independent states) cUthFk;.

A+NfhrpNytpah ehL 1918k; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mjpy; NrHgpaH> FNuhl;];> ];Nyhntd;];> nkhd;nuePf;Nwh kf;fs; jq;fs; jdpauRupikiaf; (statehood) iftpl;L NrHe;J nfhz;lhHfs;.

,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ ehrp n[Hkdp A+NfhrpNytpah kPJ gilnaLj;J mjidj; jd; gpbf;Fs; nfhz;L te;jJ. Aj;jj;jpy; n[Hkdp Njhw;fbf;fg; gl;lijj; njhlHe;J khH\y; upl;Nuh jdJ ,Uk;Gg; gpbf;Fs; A+Nfhrpyhtpahit itj;Jf; nfhz;lhH.

mtuJ kiwTf;Fg; gpd; ehL rpjwj; njhlq;fpaJ. ];Nyhntdpah> FNuhrpah> krpNlhdpah> ngh];dpah-nfH];nfhtpdh ,izg;G muRfs; xd;wd; gpd; xd;whfr; Rje;jpug; gpufldk; nraJ nfhz;ld. vQ;rpapUe;j nkhd;nuePf;fpNwh NrHgpahtpy; ,Ue;J gpupe;J Nghf vj;jdpj;jJ. ,g;NghJ nra;J nfhz;l xg;ge;jk; gpuptpidiaj; jtpHj;J ,uz;L muRfisAk; xU Ijhd ,izg;ghl;rpf;Fs; nfhz;L tu ,Uf;fpwJ. mjw;F trjpahf murpay; ahg;Gj; jpUj;jg;gLk;. ghJfhg;G> ntspAwT ,e;j ,uz;Lk; ePq;fyhf Vida mjpfhuq;fs; ahTk; (ehzak;> Rq;fk;> epjp> ePjp> Nghf;Ftuj;J> jfty;>>>>) nkhd;nudePf;Nwh muRf;F ,Uf;Fk;. If;fpa ehLfs; rigiag; nghWj;stpy; ,e;j ehLfs; ,uz;Lf;Fk; xU gpujpepj;Jtk; kl;Lk; toq;fg;gLk;.

,yq;ifj; jPtpd; ,dr; rpf;fYf;F epue;juj; jPHT fhz;gjw;fhd topf;F NrHtpah-nkhd;nuePf;fpNwh ehLfs; nra;J nfhz;l xg;ge;jk; ey;y Kd;khjpupahf tpsq;FfpwJ. NrHgpah-nkhd;nuePf;Nwh ehLfs; vOjpf; nfhz;l murpay; xg;ge;jj;ij Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L jkpoPoKk; =yq;fhTk; xU murpay; xg;ge;jj;ij vOjpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.